Essay on Post Colonial Interpretations of Shakespeare’s...

Post Colonial Interpretations of Shakespeare’s The Tempest â€Å"†¦do we really expect, amidst this ruin and undoing of our life, that any is yet left a free and uncorrupted judge of great things and things which reads to eternity; and that we are not downright bribed by our desire to better ourselves?† – Longinus Since the seventeenth century many interpretations and criticisms of William Shakespeare’s The Tempest have been recorded. Yet, since the play is widely symbolical and allegorical Shakespeare’s actual intentions behind the creation of the play can never be revealed. But it is precisely this ambiguity in intention that allows for so many literary theorists, historians, and novelists to offer their insight into the structure and†¦show more content†¦Up until this point the commonly accepted view of Prospero’s character was that of â€Å"a wise and rational ruler [who] could govern the forces of disorder that undermine the family and the state† (Vaughan 2). Many Europeans had even taken the character of Prospero to be none other than the bard himself, skilfully orchestrating the island’s affairs and inhabitants in a masterful culmination of his playwriting career; a metaphor for the sophisticated prosperity of Europeans. As well as this m ay be, this view represented only the colonial attitudes of the Europeans as influenced by such materials as William Strachey’s Bermuda Pamphlets[1] and other hearsay. No one had anything to say about the incursion of the European way of life into the native cultures of the Americas. But as time lapsed and the play grew a greater audience across both political and cultural boundaries those views began to change. As Vaughan cites in his introduction; â€Å"Not until the nineteenth century rejected neoclassical rationalism was Prospero’s authority challenged† (2). By the twentieth century, critics like Vaughan were being influenced by Post-Colonial interpretations of Caliban, forming the new understanding that, â€Å"[Caliban’s] true significance lies instead in emblematic identifications with modern men and women, especially Latin Americans and Africans, no matter how anachronistic those identifications may seem to Tempest specialists†Show MoreRelated tempcolon Confronting Colonialism and Imperialism in Aime Cesaires A Tempest1403 Words   |  6 PagesColonialism in A Tempest   Ã‚  Ã‚   A Tempest by Aime Cesaire is an attempt to confront and rewrite the idea of colonialism as presented in Shakespeare’s The Tempest.   He is successful at this attempt by changing the point of view of the story.   Cesaire transforms the characters and transposes the scenes to reveal Shakespeare’s Prospero as the exploitative European power and Caliban and Ariel as the exploited natives.   Cesaire’s A Tempest is an effective response to Shakespeare’s The Tempest because heRead MoreDiffering Reading On The Tempest 1219 Words   |  5 Pages4 Differing Reading on ‘The Tempest’ Simply looking at the text in isolation The Tempest is a complex mixture of a comedy, a tragedy and a romance. Although it was originally categorised as a comedy, it is more modernly thought of as a romance. It has the classical element of a comedy, with clownish characters, odd occurrences and resolution; it also has some very dominating Romantic features. The story, although ultimately about revenge, is also a story of naà ¯ve love and forgiveness. It tellsRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s The Tempest 1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tempest was performed to an audience of around one thousand people at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon. It was directed by the RSC’s artistic director Gregory Doran, whose version’s aim was â€Å"to break new boundaries in theatre-making† through its heavy reliance on cutting-edge technology to create magnificent spectacles and revitalise used tropes of past productions. Being the first classical production to use live motion capture, Doran’s imagination severs Shakespeare’s lastRead More Caliban in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesThe Tempest, considered by many to be Shakespeare’s farewell to the theatre, has of all his plays the most remarkable interpretive richness. The exceptional flexibility of Shakespeare’s stage is given particular prominence in The Tempest due to its originality and analytic potential, in particular in the presentation of one of his most renowned and disputed characters, Caliban. Superficially portrayed in the play as a most detestable monster, Caliban does not evoke much sympathy. However, on furtherRead MoreEssay on The Misunderstood Message of Aime Cesaires A Tempest1972 Words   |  8 PagesMisunderstood Message of Aime Cesaires A Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Tempest, by Aime Cesaire, has been the center of controversy for over twenty years now.   The argument is not concerning whether the play has substance, or whether its themes are too racy; the criticism is about its parallel to another work.   The work in question is that of The Tempest by William Shakespeare.   Cesaire has been bluntly accused of mirroring, misrepresenting, and misinterpreting Shakespeares last play.   I challenge these criticsRead MoreEssay on An Analysis of Shakespeares The Tempest3488 Words   |  14 PagesAn Analysis of Shakespeares The Tempest There are many ways of interpreting Shakespeares The Tempest. A Post-Colonialist critic, such as Stephen Greenblatt, will look at the influence of historical and political implications of colonialism on the text. Along these lines, a Reader Response critic, such as Paul Yachnin, will look specifically at Shakespeares audience and their concerns at the time in which the play was written. Very different from these approaches, a Psychological criticRead More The Character of Caliban in The Tempest Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesThe Character of   Caliban in The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Caliban is the only authentic native of what is often called Prosperos Island. However, he is not an indigenous islander, his mother Sycorax was from Argier, and his father Setebos seems to have been a Patagonian deity. Sycorax was exiled from Argier for witch-craft, much like Prospero himself, and Caliban was born on the island. Calibans own understanding of his position is made eloquently plain when we first meet him:    I must eatRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare Essay1940 Words   |  8 Pagesapplied to other humans as well. Shakespeare’s The Tempest uses one character, Caliban, to represent the imagery of the unknown and as a savage monster in the viewpoint of exploring Europeans. Using The Tempest and other works such as Cesaire’s A Tempest and Achebe’s An Image of Africa, I will describe the struggles of Caliban from the story lens and a post-colonial lens and to identify how he is being described as monster in Shakespeare’s final work. In The Tempest, along with being an enslavedRead MoreA Critical Note on New Historicism Essay2751 Words   |  12 Pagesnot to find outside the work of art some rock onto to which literary interpretation can be securely chained but rather to situate the work in relation to other representational practices operative in the culture at a given moment in both history and our own. (Learning to Curse 170) This mode of New Historicism derives and assimilates the concepts and procedures of interpretation from various schools of thought. The nucleus of Post Structuralism is that texts consists codes of signification which areRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesthing of the past †¢ But mainstream media adapting to suit the taste of consumers, still integral part of their lives Mainstream BAD: Comparatively slower in its dissemination of news †¢ Chicago Tribune, official website chicagotribue.com, posts instant news coverage before newspaper hit the newsstands following morning †¢ Many different perspectives on important events and issues †¢ Citizen journalists closer to their subject matter than professional journalists †¢ Better position

The Selfishness Of Man in Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath Essay

The Selfishness of Man Cultural and economical pressures often lead people to behave corruptly. In John Steinbeck?s novel, The Grapes of Wrath, set in the dustbowl era, people act out of greed rather than out of consideration or kindness. Tom Joad and his family have been run off their land by inconsiderate, money hungry businessmen who do not care about the impact homelessness will have on the evictees. The story revolves around the Joad Family?s trip (joined by former preacher Casey) from Oklahoma to California, along route 66, where they expect to find work. Though Casey and the Joads are goodhearted and honest people, they are the victims of dishonesty and dupery when they realize that the jobs they have come so far to acquire pay†¦show more content†¦But what?ll happen to us? How?ll we eat? You?ll have to get off the land. The plows?ll go through the dooryard. (p.33)? This display of cruelty exemplified by the tenant owners shows the inhumane and pitiless attitudes which they possess. Their c ruelty towards their fellow man epitomizes the inhumanity which exists throughout the novel. Along with acting inhumane, businessmen also act selfishly and greedily in the beginning of the novel. Knowing that there will be many people homeless and jobless, orchard owners send out flyers encouraging tenants to come to California and pick fruits on their land. The flyers call for a certain amount of workers, yet they are sent to many more people than they call for, causing inflation at the orchard, the orchard owners receive many workers, and because of the mass number of employees, they can pay the workers less than what was originally promised. The orchard owner?s wily ways shows the lack of care for their fellow man. They exemplify their greed and dishonesty, and do not care that others are starving while they are perfectly content. They exemplify the inhumane and selfish actions which are ever-present throughout the novel. While being encamped in California after futile attempts to find good work, the Joads continue to experience the inhumane and selfish behavior of the businessmen. One day a car pulls up in the camp, and when everyone gathers around, the businessman in the carShow MoreRelated A Comparison of The Grapes of Wrath and Anthem Essay example914 Words   |  4 PagesComparing The Grapes of Wrath and Anthem      Ã‚  Ã‚   Two great intellectuals of the early twentieth century wrote works of fiction that have become classics; they espoused polar-opposite views, however, of how society best functions. Their battle between communalism, as pictured in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath, and individualism, as portrayed in Ayn Rands Anthem, was played out in their novels, and still continues to this day. Based on Ayn Rands book Anthem, Rand would definitelyRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of The Boy With A Red Pony1492 Words   |  6 PagesSharon is also called Rosashara, she is a married, teenage daughter of senior Joads. Sharon’s husband leaves her and then this have-not bears a stillborn baby because of the hardships she endures. As the story ends, she gives her own milk to a starving man to save his life. Noah is the slow-witted second son of senior Joads. He finally wanders around. He undergoes the pressures of the journey. Hunger becomes too much for this have-not to bear in the hardships so he dies. Al is the third son of seniorRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath Synthesis Essay891 Words   |  4 Pagesso much so, that some have argued human nature is intrinsically violent and aggressive. This can be seen in chapter 25 of The Grapes of Wrath: the mindless destruction of resources ultimately amounts to nothing productive. In his novel, Steinbeck expresses harsh criticism and disa pproval toward humanity’s self-destructive and violent nature. Man’s cruelty to his fellow man, a major theme in the book, is very clearly addressed in chapter 25: â€Å"And men with hoses squirt kerosene on the oranges, andRead MoreWhen Creating His Short Stories/Novels, John Steinbeck1665 Words   |  7 PagesSteinbeck was able to see the United States develop, flourish. With this background, Steinbeck created some of his well known pieces being The Grapes of Wrath, Cannery Row, and Bombs Away: The Story of a Bomber Team. The three books all have something in common. Each share real life experiences while pertaining to the theme(s) relevant in that era. The Grapes of Wrath is based in the Great Depression era in the Oklahoma dust bowl is about a family and thousands of others who set out on a journey to CaliforniaRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck2144 Words   |  9 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath is a well-known beloved novel of American Literature, written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. Whoever said a road is just a road has not read The Grapes of Wrath. From the time we read when Tom Joad, novel’s protagonist, returns home after four years in prison; the meaning of roads changed. Route 66, also known as the mother road the road of flight, was a lifeline road, which allowed thousands of families to pursue their hopes and dreams. This road is also the road thatRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck, widely viewed as one of the most finest and powerful American writer, born to a middle-class family in 1902 in the Salinas Valley of California. Steinbeck is a writer who often spoke for the people. The Grapes of Wrath is a great movie, published in 1939, filled with many universal truths and views on human nature and society, especially where class is concerned. In the article, John Steinbeck The Grapes a wrath: A Call to Action says, â€Å"Steinbeck’s novel showcasedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Grapes Of Wrath 2169 Words   |  9 Pages Reoccurrence of a life Lurking underneath Steinbeck’s vivacious verbs and vivid adjectives, the reader can see his vivid, and often, complex characters. Steinbeck does not write specifically about the stories of his life, yet incorporates his own innate feelings into his characters. He institutes archaic animations in his characters that flow through each of his own stories. John Steinbeck s works, include little pieces of himself hidden in the heavy plots. This is also known becauseRead MoreScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath1720 Words   |  7 PagesScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath In the novels The Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald and The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the authors present similar ideas, but use different methods to portray them. Similarities in themes can be made between the two texts; these include the pursuit of the American Dream and the use and misuse of wealth. Other themes are also central to each novel, the strength in unity and the influenceRead MoreEssay on Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath vs. Sinclair’s The Jungle1892 Words   |  8 PagesSteinbecks The Grapes of Wrath vs. Sinclair’s The Jungle The global appeal of the so-called American dream of happiness and success has drawn many people to the â€Å"promised land† for hundreds of years. Although the American government preached equality for all on paper, it was driven primarily by money. Both Upton Sinclair and John Steinbeck recognized this and used literature to convey the flaws of capitalism. Sinclair’s The Jungle satirized America’s wage slavery at the turn of the centuryRead MoreSymbolism Of The Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath 2259 Words   |  10 Pages Symbols In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family experiences many hardships on the journey to and in California, ranging from dying family members to a lack of sufficient food. In the third chapter of the novel, author John Steinbeck introduces a determined turtle who attempts to make its journey across a highway. The turtle is apparently nearly run over multiple times, and is actually hit by a car. This causes the turtle to be flipped on its shell, until it catches its footing and â€Å"little

Comparison of word processors Free Essays

Use your textbook and online job search sites such as workshop’s. Com, monster. Ca, dice. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of word processors or any similar topic only for you Order Now Com (not dice. Ca) or other Government or Company sites of your choice to briefly research each of these five types of jobs. Canadian information is preferred. If you do use IIS information please be sure to indicate it in your description. For each of the five you should, at a minimum, look into and present back: Summaries of job descriptions or functions Experience required Education required Salary or Hourly Rate (if available) Is this a good job for you? Why yes or no? (what am really interested in) Any other valuable or pertinent information Create ONE of the following to share your findings with: Well formatted MS-Word document pages) log type video of you sharing your findings and thoughts (=5 minutes) audio file of you sharing your findings and thoughts minutes) Copying Pasting from websites is permitted. Make sure you include your own thoughts as well. Formatting is up to you but should show consistency in fonts, sizes, color, spacing etc. If you Copy Paste from a website to MS Word you may need to clean up the formatting a bit as well. This is NOT intended to be a huge assignment. Some students have found it to be effective to create a emulate page / form in MS-Word and then fill it out for each job. Flex those Word skills! Please include in your work which website URL you actually referenced. Multimedia submissions should be accompanied with links in the file’s description or in a text file submitted alongside the media file. If job reference numbers or some sort of identification is available please include them. How to cite Comparison of word processors, Papers

Invetment Essay Example For Students

Invetment Essay â€Å"What regulatory issues does the brokerage industry face with respect to the retail investor and the advent of online securities trading?†The number of securities trades conducted online has taken a dramatic increase in recent years, rising from under 100,000 trades per day in 1996 to over half a million in 19991. The SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) expects the level of online brokerage assets to rise to $3 trillion dollars by the year 2003, from a meager $415 billion in 19981. The appeal is that the Internet provides â€Å"real time† stock quotes, previously available only to brokers and their firms, in addition to a wealth of information on just about every company that is publicly traded. A new breed of investment firm has been born, conducting its business solely on the World Wide Web, and the average fee charged by one of these companies is now only $15.75 per trade , a fraction of the cost at a full-service firm. Online trading has given rise to a gr eater frequency of trades as well. While online traders only currently represent about 10 percent of the market, they tend to trade two to three times as often, making up approximately 30 percent of all trades, up from 17 percent in 1997 . Many people have given up their jobs to become full time traders, with mixed success. In fact almost all day traders lose money, and the recent market turmoil has left many gasping for breath. In its new form as the â€Å"Online† brokerage firm, the business is still flourishing. Despite being forced to lower their commissions and advertise more to attract new business, they are managing to adapt. DLJ Direct, for example, has posted an 82 percent increase in revenues from 1998 to 1999 , and as of July 1, 1999, online transactions accounted for 52 percent of all trades at broker Charles Schwab . With the general trend of the market moving towards computerized trading, the brokerage industry is being forced to evolve as well. Due to the high volume of trades conducted via the World Wide Web, several problems have been encountered regarding both the application of current trading laws to cyberspace and the integrity of internet users with regard to the brokerage industry. The Securities and Exchange Commission has recently published a report concerning on-line brokerage, which attempts to determine what the place of the brokerage firm will be in this Internet scenario, and what measures can be taken to regulate the transactions conducted on the world wide web. Many of the problems encountered with the advent of the Internet are analogous to those in conventional trading, and are addressed by existing laws and regulations. However, the Internet also presents unique situations that will require new methods of surveillance and enforcement by the regulators.First, there is the issue of computer systems: how to ensure that a firm’s system has enough capacity to handle the marked increase in the number of investors that the Internet has generated. Second is a given firm’s obligation to execute a customer’s trade at the best monetary terms readily available(known as the â€Å"Best Execution Responsibility†). Third is the application of the suitability doctrine , which requires a broker to recommend to his/her customer only those investments that are deemed â€Å"suitable† for that individual. Fourth is the general concern over privacy of investor’s personal information, and the ability of a firm to ensure it. Last is the issue of insider trading and fraud, and the regulatory issues concerning these problems. First, there is the issue of systems capacities. In the past, many systems have suffered from things such as delays and outages, causing serious customer concerns over reliability.Firms will be forced to issue disclosure statements regarding the reliability of computer systems, and clients will tend to gravitate to those firms with the most dependable systems, and the systems that can handle the most customers. The SEC Report concludes the following. The Scarlet Letter: Reference to Mirrors Essay1.â€Å"Get financial statements from the company and be able to analyze them;2.Verify the claims about new produce developments or lucrative contracts;3.Call every supplier or customer of the company and ask if they really do business with the company; and4.Check out the people running the company and find out if they’ve ever made money for investors before.† In addition, the SEC is actively prosecuting Internet fraud allegations, and have achieved more that a few indictments. The SEC has been regulating the exchange of securities for many years, and the question they now face is how to impart some form of regulation to the Internet, and when. At what point does the World Wide Web rise above the floor of the stock exchange in sheer volume of trades, and is it wise to wait until then? These are questions that have yet to be answered. As for the Wall Street brokerage firm, it has already begun to evolve with the Internet, and will most likely continue to change for some time yet. Although the change in the markets will reduce the need for such positions as stock brokers and exchange floor clerks, among others, the economy tends to create jobs where they are needed. There will be even more need, for instance, for computer support people, systems analysts, researchers, and many others. Additionally, regulators will be forced to adapt to the changing face of the securities markets, and laws specifically tailored to the Internet may very well be required. ABCNEWS.com: SEC Examines Online Trading, Adine, Lynne, â€Å"Online Trading Exploding: SEC Releases First Report on E-Trading†. http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/business/dailynews/adrine_sec991122.html. Bryan-Low, Cassel. â€Å"Web Brokers Begin to Offer No-Commission Stock Trades.† Wall Street Journal 19 June 2000: C1â€Å"Boom in Online Trading Leveled Off, Study Says.† Wall Street Journal 15 June 2000: C24DLJ Press Releases, Third Quarter 1999 Financial Statement. http://www.dlj.com. Elstein, Aaron. â€Å"Online Investing(A Special Report) – The People: The Day Trader – Online Investing Can Be All-Consuming – If You Let It.† Wall Street Journal 12 June 2000: R19Prentice, Robert E. The future of Corporate Disclosure: The Internet, Securities Fraud, and Rule 10b-5. http://www.law.emory.edu/ELJ/volumes/win98/prentice.html. SEC. â€Å"Internet Fraud: How to Avoid Internet Investment Scams†. http://www.sec.gov/consumer/cyberfr.htmSEC. â€Å"Plain Talk About On-line Investing,† speech by SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt at the National Press Club. http://www.sec.gov/news/speeches/spch274.htSEC Litigation Releases, Published by Gleaser LegalWorks. â€Å"Securities Regulation and the Internet†. http://www.cybersecuritieslaw.com/sec_litigation_releases.htm. Securities and Exchange Commission, Special Study: â€Å"On-Line Brokerage: Keeping Apace of Cyberspace†. http://www.sec.gov/news/spstindx.htmSEC. â€Å"Internet Fraud: How to Avoid Internet Investment Scams†. http://www.sec.gov/consumer/cyberfr.htmWang, Andy. MSNBC Press Releases, â€Å"Giving up the day job to trade online†, http://www.msnbc.com. Zuckerman, Gregory. â€Å"Bond Trades Head Online In New Plan.† Wall Street Journal 13June 2000: C1Bibliography:

Knorr Soup free essay sample

Can soups be a healthy snack in Bangladesh Can soups be a healthy snack in Bangladesh? With the winter season coming up Brand Managers at Unilever want to further strengthen Knorr in Bangladesh. But the most important question that remains for them is how they make top end unhealthy evening snackers consume soup instead of the shingara, samosas and burgers of the world. It has been 9 months since Unilever launched Knorr Soups and entered into the savory category. Given the size of the soup industry in Bangladesh, Unilever has placed a lot of emphasis on Chicken Mushroom and Chicken Ginger and the vegetarian variant Tomato. Each pack contains enough soup to serve two people. Knorr was launched with the most important proposition – the establishing the Knorr brand in the minds of consumers and pave a way for the entry of other product extensions in the future. Soup was launched at a time when a market, although small, was growing consumers at a were rapid pace, where the experience of real ingredients in its soups. We will write a custom essay sample on Knorr Soup or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Knorr soups contain real bits of chicken and vegetables that could be both visibly seen as well as tasted during experiencing goodness of soup at their homes and including it as a part of a more regular diet. Knorr also believes in doing business sustainably, by reducing impact on the environment and focuses on providing exciting products which are environmentally friendly. running of the business, also head their respective functions. The Company has management strength of 200+ across different levels and another 600+ are employed (NMS). as non-management operations staff in Unilever Bangladesh provide employment to over 10,000 people directly and through its dedicated suppliers, distributors and service providers. Moving ahead Bangladesh is considered one of the next Knorr – The brand Knorr brand was founded in 1838 by Carl Heinrich Theodor Knorr and has its roots in Heilbronn, Germany. Knorr along with other brands was acquired by Unilever in the year 2000, when the company acquired Best Foods. With annual sales 11 countries that hold immense potential by Unilever standards, clocking consistent GDP growth of 5-6% over the past 5 years and with a huge population base of 160 million, it makes it an attractive market for FMCG players like Unilever. Unilever has a strong growth vision going ahead, and diversifying into new product categories as a part of its growth strategy. Internationally, the In developing emerging markets like Bangladesh, foods are seen to be the way forward to deliver growth and tap into a highly potential market food category plays a very important role in the Unilever business portfolio. In many countries, Foods provide a higher contribution to business comparison to HPC. In developing emerging markets like Bangladesh, foods are seen to be the way forward to deliver growth and tap into a highly potential market. Knorr is one of the brands that Unilever Bangladesh wants to use to strengthen its footprint in the foods industry in Bangladesh. Unilever Bangladesh outlets that sold Maggi soup. Going forward the sales team plan to continue providing Knorr soup to match those outlets where Maggi soup is currently available, but care has to be taken since with food items, the expiry sensitivity is always an issue when placing in shops. believes that as the food category grows it will deliver the growth required to achieve the organization’s ambition. The success of Knorr Soup in Bangladesh, therefore, is directly linked to the success of the category and the brand. The challenge with consumers Soup in Bangladesh has always been seen as a healthy meal for kids, elderly people and something nutritious for people who are ill.

The Boiling Point of Alcohol

The Boiling Point of Alcohol The boiling point of alcohol depends on which type of alcohol youre using, as well as the atmospheric pressure. The boiling point decreases as atmospheric pressure decreases, so it will be slightly lower unless you are at sea level. Here is a look at the boiling point of different types of alcohol. The boiling point of ethanol or grain alcohol (C2H5OH) at atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia, 1 bar absolute) is 173.1 F (78.37 C). Methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol): 66 °C or 151 °FIsopropyl Alcohol (isopropanol): 80.3 °C or 177 °F Implications of Different Boiling Points One practical application of the different boiling points of alcohols and of alcohol with respect to water and other liquids is that it can be used to separate them using distillation. In the process of distillation, a liquid is carefully heated so more volatile compounds boil away. They may be collected, as a method of distilling alcohol, or the method may be used to purify the original liquid by removing compounds with a lower boiling point. Different types of alcohol have different boiling points, so this can be used to separate them from each other and from other organic compounds. Distillation may also be used to separate alcohol and water. The boiling point of water is 212 F or 100 C, which is higher than that of alcohol. However, distillation cant be used to fully separate the two chemicals. The Myth About Cooking Alcohol out of Food Many people believe alcohol added during the cooking process boils away, adding flavor without retaining alcohol. While it makes sense cooking food above 173 F or  78 C would drive off the alcohol and leave the water, scientists at the University of Idaho Department of Agriculture  have measured the amount of alcohol remaining in foods and found most cooking methods dont actually affect the alcohol content as much as you might think. The highest amount of alcohol remains when alcohol is added to boiling liquid and then removed from heat. About 85 percent of the alcohol remained.Flaming the liquid to burn off the alcohol still allowed for 75 percent retention.Storing food containing alcohol overnight with no heat applied resulted in 70 percent retention. Here, the loss of alcohol occurred because it has a higher vapor pressure than water, so some of it evaporated.Baking a recipe containing alcohol resulted in alcohol retention ranging from 25  percent (1 hour baking time) to 45 percent (25 minutes, no stirring). A recipe had to be baked 2 hours or longer to bring the alcohol content down to 10  percent or lower. Why cant you cook the  alcohol out of food? The reason is that alcohol and water bind to each other, forming an azeotrope. The components of the mixture cant be easily separated using heat. This is also why distillation isnt sufficient to get 100  percent or absolute alcohol. The only way to completely remove alcohol from a liquid is to boil it away completely or allow it to evaporate until its dry.

I remember Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I remember - Essay Example They seem to be telling me that I am not alone and I can almost hear them calling out and extending their arms to me whenever I feel no one is there for me. On this particular afternoon, I walked for just a few minutes before I finally stopped and simply looked at the sea before me. I watched and appreciated for the first time the sight of a vast and seemingly endless body of water. I reckoned that I was there for the first time because it was only then that I stopped to look around what the place has in store for me. I breathed in deeply the salty breeze and realized what I have been missing during my previous visits. Somehow, a person comes to a point in his life when he finally stops in the midst of the demands of this fast-paced world and just appreciates the often unnoticed treasures. As I left the shore, I felt like I had the best, most fulfilling and sating experience. It was like gobbling a chocolate cake, smothered with the smoothest ice cream and topped with

Risk Assessment Paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk Assessment Paper - Coursework Example An analysis of the possible dangers of using this pesticide in dealing with the problem becomes essential in decision-making. A comprehensive and critical understanding of the inherent dangers remains fundamental in making informed and sound decisions. A measurement of the dangers needs to be analysed from two perspectives; severity of the danger and probability of danger occurring. A solution providing severity that could be classified as catastrophic might be classified as risky to pursue. In the case of Malathion, the pesticide continues to be graded as having low toxicity. However, ingestion of the pesticide might bring fatal results. The greatest danger posed by Malathion on human beings remains application of Malathion in enclosed environments. Within the case of Genericville City, the pesticide shall be utilized within open environments, therefore, reducing the inherent danger immensely. The probability of a hazard occurring should be calculated to determine the possibility of utilizing the proposed solution. According to available sources, the probability of a Malathion related hazard occurring might be categorized as remote. Dose response Dose response could be identified as the observable change in organisms resulting from exposure to chemical. It enables the decision-makers to understand critically the effects of the chemical under different exposure levels. This understanding becomes fundamental in determining the safe dosages for possible environmental pollutants. The dose response could potentially assist decision maker in determining dosage levels safe for humans. Malathion preparations of 0.5% could be utilized in treating head lice and body lice. This means that Malathion could possibly be utilized in controlling mosquito infections without negative effects on humans. Malathion remains one of the two recognized agents potentially utilized and approved for treatment of pediculosis. The utilization of Malathion in treatment of several ailments cl early indicates the possibility of the pesticide causing minimal hazard. In the treatment of the mosquito infected areas, mixing Malathion with diesel becomes essential in diluting the concentration of the pesticide. Adding diesel essentially makes the pesticide concentration weaker, hence reducing the hazardous danger created by concentrated Malathion pesticide. Though the chemical has been classified as low toxicity, children remain susceptible to negative effects of the pesticide regardless of the dose response. The symptoms that could be exhibited include irritations of the skin and eyes. During the time of spraying, remaining indoors could essentially reduce the possibility of coming into contact with the insecticide (National Pesticide Information Center, 2011). The inhabitants of Genericville should be informed when the activity should be carried out. This would essentially allow safety precautions to be undertaken. Exposure Exposure provides a measurement of the magnitude of harm realized from exposure to harmful elements. Exposure could assist in establishing protective standards within a specified environment. The Malathion pesticide could be exposed through several routes. These methods include inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. When performing the proposed solution, safety precautions shall be installed to ensure none of these exposure routes causes potential harm

Marpol convention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marpol convention - Essay Example The Marpol convention has 6 technical annexes which include regulations that provide guidelines for reducing marine pollution caused by ships either during their routine operations or due to accidents. The Annex I cover the regulations for preventing pollution due to oil spills which came into force in 1983. Amendments to this annex, which mandated the incorporation of double hulls in oil tankers, were introduced in 1992. The Annex II included regulations that controlled the discharge of about 250 noxious liquid substances in bulk after their evaluation. Discharge of such substances within 12 miles from the nearest land is strictly prohibited especially in the Baltic and Black sea regions. This annex came into force in 1983. Annex III, which entered into force in 1992, deals with the transportation of packaged harmful substances and issues requirements for packing, marking, labeling, documentation, storage and quantity limits. Annex IV came into effect in 2003 and deals with the cont rol of sewage pollution in marine waters. Annex V, which has been effective since 1988, details the types of garbage’s, mode of their disposal and distance from land. The most prominent inclusion is the ban on the disposal of all forms of plastic into the sea. Annex VI is the latest addition which came into effect in 2005. It lists the regulations for controlling air pollution from ships which includes the emission of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from ship exhausts and it prohibits the release of ozone depleting substances into the atmosphere. The annexes have been updated over the years by the addition of several amendments as required. It is necessary for the state parties to accept annexes I and II while the other annexes are voluntary.

Why Are Ethics So Important In The Field Of Accounting Accounting Essay

Why Are Ethics So Important In The Field Of Accounting Accounting Essay Based on what you know about accounting, what role do you see it playing in business operations? How dependent do you think a business is on its accounting department? Why? I think that accounting plays a very large role in business operations because it is needed to show the financial status of that business. It is also necessary to know what the status is in order to be able to make important decisions involving expenses and money transactions. I think that a business is extremely dependant on its accounting department for these reasons. The accounting department could almost be considered the back bone of a business in terms of the companys financial success. Without reliable financial reporting a business could incur losses, possibly get audited and possibly even cause a business to go bankrupt. WEEK 1 DQ 2 Why are ethics so important in the field of accounting? Accounting ethics are important because a business relies on the reported financial status to make its business decisions. A business must have accurate reports and know that the business has sufficient funds to continue to operate and be able to pay rent and other bills, pay employees, and to continue producing products and/or offering services. Accountants have acces to inside information and assets that could be detrimental to a business should it enter into the wrong hands. A business needs to be able to rely on competent and ethical professionals with confidence that the finances are being accurately handled and reported. WEEK 3 DQ 1 When reviewing a financial report, why should information be reliable, relevant, consistent, and comparable? In other words, why are these accounting characteristics important? What kinds of problems could be created if a financial report is not reliable, relevant, consistent, or comparable? Information in a financial report needs to be reliable, relevant, consistent, and comparable because many people rely heavily on this information in order to make important business decisions. The report is useless to stockholders, managers, employees, and creditors if the information is not accurate and able to give them the information that they need to make certain business, lending, buying and/or selling decisions. The information must be relevant in order to make a difference in the decisions people make regarding the company and its future. The information should be verifiable so that users know it can be relied on. It needs to be comparable so that different companies can compare performance. The reports should be consistent so that a company can easily refer back to the information if needed in the future. If the information is not reliable, users could make wrong decisions based on inaccurate information and could potentially lose a lot of money doing so. If the report is not relevant, users will not have the information needed to make important business decisions. If the report is not consistent, a company may have a hard time tracking financial results to compare with other years. WEEK 3 DQ 2 How does information from financial reports influence business decisions? Why is it important for business managers to understand the information found on financial reports? Information from financial reports can influence business decisions by offering its user a prediction of what the business future may look like based on how the company has done in the past. If these reports show that the company has done well over the last two periods, then decisions can be made based on the projections that the company may continue to do well in the next period. For example, and investor may see this information and decide to put money into the company because he/she believes that the company will continue to make profits as it has been doing recently. A creditor may decide to lend money to expand the company because it see in the reports that the company has been doing well and should be able to repay the debt. Managers need to be able to understand the information on financial reports because they need to   make important business decisions for the future the company based on the companys expenditures, production, and profits or losses. WEEK 5 DQ 1 How would you describe the difference between financial and managerial accounting? What are the distinguishing features of managerial accounting? The main difference between financial and managerial accounting is that managerial accounting is for internal users such as officers and managers. Financial accounting, on the other hand, is for the needs of external users such as stockholders, creditors, and regulators. Though each field of accounting deals with the economic events of a business, managerial accounting is done with the purpose for making specific decisions in regards to the company. The distinguishing features of managerial accounting are that internal reports are produced as often as needed, they are very detailed, and there are no independent audits done on these reports. WEEK 5 DQ 2 Select a management function (planning, directing and motivating, or controlling) and explain how that function relates to business as a whole. Next, select a different function listed by a classmate. Discuss with your classmate how the functions you each selected complement each other.   Directing and motivating is a management function that is important in any business. It is essential to any company to make sure that all business operations are running smoothly. This involves implementing planned objectives and providing necessary incentives for employees as well as selecting executives, appointing managers and supervisors, and hiring and training employees. I worked at Circuit City for four years and I can share now from experience just how important motivating employees is and how badly a company can suffer without proper motivation and incentives. This is something that this company really lacked on (at least the one I worked at did) and now it has gone out of business. I am sure that there were many other reasons involved for why it went out of business, but I never felt in my fours years there that me or any other employee was ever really motivated by management and there was really no extra incentives to being a good worker. The company had an very high turn around rate for employees and managers and they were never trained well. I pretty much had to figure everything out on my own when I first started working there. I had probably about seven different managers in those four years and some I dont think ever even knew my name! WEEK 7 DQ 1 You know how important it is to create budgets for your household. How does budgeting help management make good business decisions? Budgeting can help management make good business decisions that will help them to maintain enough cash to pay the companys creditors, to have sufficient raw materials to meet production requirements, and to have adequate finished goods to meet expected sales. Budgeting is important for management to be able to plan ahead and to be able to help the company to reach its financial goals. Good budgeting also provides and early warning system for any potential problems so that action can be taken beforehand. Budgeting also helps management make good decisions because they are likely to be more motivated to reach goals if the companys objectives are laid out before them. WEEK 7 DQ 2 What are some of the different types of budgets? Describe in detail one type of budget covered in the text. Describe what the budget is used for and what information it provides a business. Then, as you respond to your classmates, discuss how the budget you described relates to the budget they described. Discuss how a business benefits from each of the budgets. Some of the different types of budgets are the sales budget, production budget, direct materials budget, and the direct labor budget. The sales budget is the first budget that is prepared and is especially important because each of the other budgets depends on it. The sales budget is made from managements best estimate of anticipated sales revenue for that budget period. The sales budget can affect net income if the projections are not accurate. This budget is relied heavily upon to determine how much inventory is needed to meet the sale demands in the budget period. This budget shows the expected unit sales volume and its anticipated unit price. These expected unit sales volume and the anticipated unit price are multiplied together to determine what the total sales budget will be for the year. CAPSTONE DISCUSSION QUESTION Think back over what you have studied and learned in this course. Do you have a new perception of or appreciation for the field of accounting and how it contributes to business? Explain. I can honestly say that I have a new appreciation for the field of accounting. I had no idea how important accounting was to a business. Accurate accounting is important not only to the business as a whole, but also to the managers, the investors and the creditors. Financial statements, budgets and record keeping are far more complicating than I thought they would be. A person could go on all day and still not cover every aspect of accounting; profits and losses, assets and liabilities, partnerships and corporations, contribution margins, and audits- just to name some.   I also now see why ethics are so important in accounting too. Good or bad ethics in accounting can either make or break a company.

Medical Marijuana: A not so new form of medical treatment Essay

Marijuana usage for the purpose of medical treatment has been a debated issue in many states and Countries around the world. The United Kingdom and Canada have both adopted laws that are directed at protecting patients and doctors from prosecution due to possession and usage of marijuana for medical purposes. Australia has passed laws, but has not put them into effect, and the United States has not made any allowances, leaving marijuana in the same category with other illegal drugs and allowing for prosecution if a person is found to be growing, possessing or using marijuana, regardless of the reasons. According to Dresser, there are currently fourteen states that have taken it upon themselves to enact laws that allow for the prescribing and use of medical marijuana, California being the most liberal in terms of allowed usages (7). While medical conditions that allow marijuana to be prescribed vary from state to state, Hall and Degenhardt write that accepted treatments generally incl ude issues such as nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, wasting due to HIV and aids, movement disorders and muscle spasticity disorders (690-692). Although many government and public agencies disagree on the medical benefits that marijuana may provide in the relief of chronic symptoms, marijuana seems to be growing in popularity among doctors and the patients that benefit from its use and a vast number of people feel it should be legalized for medical conditions across America. The use of marijuana for medical purposes is not a new issue. Prior to the twentieth century, marijuana was often used for treatment of symptoms caused by medical issues in both the United States and throughout Europe, Asia and India. In their report, Hall & Degenhardt stat... ... discusses a study that was performed in California and other States due to concerns about medical marijuana having an elicit effect of influencing young people and causing an increase in illegal marijuana use. The study showed that no abnormal increase was seen among people ages 16 to 25 following the legalization of medical marijuana. Wiwi, Amy Komoroski, and Nicole P. Crifo. "The Unintended Impact of New Jersey's New Medical Marijuana Law on the Workplace." Employee Relations Law Journal 36.1 (2010): 33-37. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. This article discusses the medical marijuana laws in New Jersey and offers suggestions to employers on how to address issues in the work place, such as failed drug testing and employee usage of marijuana. It also addresses the lack of consideration of employment in the drafting and passing of these laws. Medical Marijuana: A not so new form of medical treatment Essay Marijuana usage for the purpose of medical treatment has been a debated issue in many states and Countries around the world. The United Kingdom and Canada have both adopted laws that are directed at protecting patients and doctors from prosecution due to possession and usage of marijuana for medical purposes. Australia has passed laws, but has not put them into effect, and the United States has not made any allowances, leaving marijuana in the same category with other illegal drugs and allowing for prosecution if a person is found to be growing, possessing or using marijuana, regardless of the reasons. According to Dresser, there are currently fourteen states that have taken it upon themselves to enact laws that allow for the prescribing and use of medical marijuana, California being the most liberal in terms of allowed usages (7). While medical conditions that allow marijuana to be prescribed vary from state to state, Hall and Degenhardt write that accepted treatments generally incl ude issues such as nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, wasting due to HIV and aids, movement disorders and muscle spasticity disorders (690-692). Although many government and public agencies disagree on the medical benefits that marijuana may provide in the relief of chronic symptoms, marijuana seems to be growing in popularity among doctors and the patients that benefit from its use and a vast number of people feel it should be legalized for medical conditions across America. The use of marijuana for medical purposes is not a new issue. Prior to the twentieth century, marijuana was often used for treatment of symptoms caused by medical issues in both the United States and throughout Europe, Asia and India. In their report, Hall & Degenhardt stat... ... discusses a study that was performed in California and other States due to concerns about medical marijuana having an elicit effect of influencing young people and causing an increase in illegal marijuana use. The study showed that no abnormal increase was seen among people ages 16 to 25 following the legalization of medical marijuana. Wiwi, Amy Komoroski, and Nicole P. Crifo. "The Unintended Impact of New Jersey's New Medical Marijuana Law on the Workplace." Employee Relations Law Journal 36.1 (2010): 33-37. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. This article discusses the medical marijuana laws in New Jersey and offers suggestions to employers on how to address issues in the work place, such as failed drug testing and employee usage of marijuana. It also addresses the lack of consideration of employment in the drafting and passing of these laws.

A Sound of Thunder Paragraph Essay

The consequences of time travel cannot be matched in terms of unpredictability because any tiny alterations to the distant past can change the outcome of the ensuing events of the future. In the futuristic tale, â€Å"A Sound of Thunder,† by Ray Bradbury, the standard way of life in the present time is subtly altered when an ambitious hunter named Eckels travels back in time to hunt a prehistoric animal. When Eckels is confronted by the frightening Tyrannosaurus rex, he panics and ignores the rules of the guide, falling off the established path. In the heat of the moment, he accidentally steps on a butterfly causing a chain reaction that creates various realignments of society in the contemporary era. Firstly, the essence of society is transformed from good to evil. Before departure, the man behind the desk was against the beliefs of Deutscher and was supportive of Keith. On his return, Eckels notices a slight difference in the demeanor of the man behind the desk; he is now firmly supportive of Deutscher and considers Keith a weakling. He laughs and says, â€Å"You joking? You know very well. Deutscher, of course! Who else? Not that fool weakling Keith. We got an iron man now, a man with guts!† This quote infers that society has drastically changed from the time Eckels departed for the safari to his return on the following day. Second of all, Lesperance does a reconnaissance to select certain targets for the hunters, his mandate being to identify animals that were going to die on the particular day of the hunt anyways. â€Å"I track them through their entire existence, noting which of them lives longest†¦ When I find one that’s going to die when a tree falls on him, or one that drowns in a tar pit, I note the exact hour, minute, and second. I shoot a paint bomb†¦ This way, we kill only animals with no future, that are never going to mate again.† This illustrates how conscientious the company is about the effects of time travel and altering the history of the world. Finally, on Eckels return, his senses detect subtle changes in the atmosphere and his surroundings. Most of all, his eyes see the change in the English language. The sign above the desk was in a phonetic form, and he immediately realizes the intellect of the human race had deteriorated. â€Å"But the immediate thing was the sign painted on the office wall, the same sign he had read earlier today on first entering. Somehow, the sign had changed.† This shows that the slightest, simple, accidental modification of history can have apocalyptic consequences for modern civilization. In conclusion, Eckels’ meandering in the forest 60 million years ago, creates a society with less righteousness, responsibility, and human intellect.

How Our Food Has Changed and the Impact of Those Changes Essays

How Our Food Has Changed and the Impact of Those Changes Essays How Our Food Has Changed and the Impact of Those Changes Essay How Our Food Has Changed and the Impact of Those Changes Essay How Our Food Has Changed and the Impact of those Changes What do we eat? Food. Sounds simple enough, but is it? It used to be that food was all you could eat, but today there is a plethora of â€Å"edible food like substances† in our grocery store (Pollan). In today’s world, the fact that it is sold in a grocery store doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s nutritious or healthful. I’m going to step back into the past and show how food has changed in the last 50 years and the impact that it‘s having on us. It’s not just what we eat or how we eat, but how it affects us in everything from our physical health to our mental health to our pocket books. Food that was available 50 years ago was vastly different from what is available today. There was more â€Å"real† food available. There was certainly the beginning of junk food back then, but it was different. The fast food places were almost non-existent. We had a limited amount of junk that we could buy. Homemakers were actually homemakers back then. They cooked from scratch a lot of the time and dinner was meat and potatoes, and a vegetable or two. Dessert was homemade. Only certain fruits and vegetables were available at any given time. It depended on what was in season at the time. Then came the era of â€Å"fast. † Everything was fast, including food. Fast food places were popping up on every corner. We were in such a time crunch all of the time that we starting rushing through not only the eating, but also the preparation of our meals. Housewives thought that all the convenience foods were a great idea. It now took half the time to prepare a meal compared to making it from scratch. Surely the food was good and nutritious. Ah, the time it saved. It was thought to be wonderful; but at what price? Food today is not as nutritious as it used to be. This is a contributing factor and, quite possibly, a major cause of the rapid rise in degenerative diseases. The fresh fruits and vegetables that are eaten now contain up to 50% less minerals than they did in the 1930’s. This, along with the widespread use of pesticides, is slowly poisoning the human population. Due to the fact that our bodies aren’t getting the optimum nutrition that they should, they are less able to detoxify effectively. Pesticides are poisons that the body has to deal with, even though the doses are minute. Their use has also increased and this is likely to have toxic effects on the system. Even the water we drink contains additives from farming and pharmaceuticals that puts a strain on our systems (Draper). People now have less energy but also have less to do physically. People are so tired all the time. Energy drinks are consumed in massive amounts. Even children as young as 10 years old seem to need the boost that stimulants give people to keep them going. That in itself is a problem. As a result of ingesting the high fructose corn syrup present in many, if not most, of these drinks, sugar consumption is way up. In the past 50 years there has been a 19% reduction in calorie intake for boys, and 29% reduction for girls, but increased sugar consumption! As a result, children are getting fatter and fatter. Computers, diet, TV and less exercise are some of the causes. These are big changes from 50 years ago (Draper). In elementary schools in the 1960s, the lunch ladies actually cooked lunch every day. Food such as meatloaf, macaroni and cheese (not from a box! , or soup and sandwiches were served, always with a vegetable, milk, and small dessert (Dolson). In 1989, it was shown that school meals had major deficiencies. Today, many school lunch menus are more similar to fast food restaurants, making healthy choices more difficult. In many schools, Middle/Jr. High students can also buy sports drinks, and high school students are allowed carbonated beverages (Dolson). Phy sical exercise is no longer as important as it used to be. It has been reduced by a full 50%! Potential major problems are being created in our children just by the lack of activity alone (Draper). Add that to the fact that our food is not as nutritious and filled with chemicals, and to our high sugar intake, and we have a real problem on our hands. Fully 2/3 of Americans is overweight or obese and suffers from diet related diseases, like diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Medicine is learning how to keep alive the very people for whom the western diet is making sick (Pollan). According to Dr. Mark Draper, there has been a 30% reduction in the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables. And those we do eat are less nutritious, due to the processing. To increase shelf life, chemicals that are termed ‘additives’ are added. As Dr. Draper states, â€Å"At worst these are mild poisons, and at best they are chemicals the body does not see as food. † Nutrition is no longer considered important. Shelf life is now more important. It is estimated that somewhere between 70 to 80% of all food eaten is processed in some way. There are over 3000 substances that may legally be added to our food. How can we tell what and how much is safe to eat? Some, like salt, have been around for thousands of years. It is used to preserve food and enhance the flavor of foods (Dolson, Food Additives Whats Safe? ). It is one of the most widely used additives, but still not totally healthful. New food additives need to go through a very long process to get approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Most of the studies, especially the preliminary ones, are done on animals. There are many additives and chemicals that are said to be safe in any amount; and there are some that are said to be safe in small amounts, but in large amounts, they can cause cancer. That is worrisome, because we don’t know how much is really in our food. As if that wasn’t bad enough, America is having a love affair with sugar. But that is not a very sweet deal. Sixteen ounces of a sugar sweetened soft drink contains the equivalent of 12 teaspoons of sugar (TLC Cooking). Most are sweetened with high fructose corn syrup, which is as bad, if not worse, than regular white sugar. If you read the ingredients on the packages of food sold in grocery stores, plenty of them have added sugar as an ingredient; some in more than one form. And this is even in foods that don’t typically taste sweet on the tongue, especially foods like low fat salad dressings, cream substitutes, and many seasonings. In the case of low fat products, a lot of the time when fat is taken out, sugar is added in. We now know without a doubt that sugar in your food, is taking a devastating toll on the health of the United States (Mercola). In Lick the Sugar Habit, author Dr. Nancy Appleton lists 76 ways sugar can ruin your health. Among them are: * Suppression of your immune system * Can cause a significant rise in total cholesterol and triglycerides * Feeds cancer cells * Contributes to obesity * Can cause gallstones, appendicitis, hemorrhoids and varicose veins * Can cause headaches and depression Can cause an increase in blood pressure Dr. Joseph Mercola goes into these in more detail at his website – http://articles. mercola. com/sites/articles/archive/2010/04/20/sugar-dangers. as px, or you can read Dr. Appleton’s book for the whole story. So, what does this mean for the human population? First of all, evidence is suggesting that life expectancy is being reduced; not increasing, as i s commonly reported. One of the more frightening aspects of this is the fact that young people are included. In fact, this generation of children is the first that are not expected to live as long a lifespan as their parents. Degenerative diseases are on the rise, represented by an increase in the body’s inability to cope with modern environmental challenges. Heart disease, cancers, arthritis, obesity, and diabetes are increasing significantly (Draper). Veterinarians know that grass or feed fed to animals needs to have sufficient nutrients or the animals will get sick. Many people are adamant about not giving their pets things that are bad for them, and yet popular opinion is that it’s okay to give our children a â€Å"treat† once in awhile. It would not be a problem if it truly was only â€Å"once in a while. The trouble is that children eat these things on a daily basis. What is the solution? Is there a solution? Of course there is. It will take awhile for things to turn around, but it can be done. We need to start by fortifying our processed food with additional nutrients in a form that is as close to food-state as possible. Processed foods make up approx 70% of the diet, and so w ould be the most effective way to get good nutrition to people at the present time. We would also need to: * Increase consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits (5-7 pieces per day). Gather more information on mineral contents of soil. *Create a sound nutritional base for well-being, regardless of current state of health. * Reduce consumption of processed foods. * Reduce stimulants: i. e. coffee, tea, colas, sugar drinks, energy drinks, etc. * Drink more water. Try to filter if possible. * Take a good multivitamin and mineral supplement, along with Omega 3 oils. * Many people would also benefit from extra Selenium and Vitamin C on a regular basis. *Get more physical activity on a daily basis (Draper). * Choose organic if you can afford it less pesticides and better tasting. Eat less sugar. * Forego fast food. For the long term, we need to improve our soil, so that it is possible to grow high nutritional status food. This could take up to 30 years, including research to identify the best way to accomplish this (Draper). In my opinion, one of the biggest changes we n eed to make is to greatly reduce the amount of sugar in our diet. If you could only do one thing, that would be the thing to do. Pesticides and lack of physical activity is most definitely not a good way to build health, but our systems are on sugar overload due to the saturation of sugar in our processed food. We could be taking care of two problems at once just by eating processed food less often. It all boils down to what we want out of life. When we are still young and healthy, it’s easy to think that this kind of thing will never touch us. But, do you really want to subtract years from your life in addition to spending your golden years in ill health? The way I see it, it doesn’t take much to live and eat healthier. One or two changes at a time can and will make a big difference. Your life may depend on it. Association, Organic Consumers. Mental Health Linked to Changes in Diet. 16 January 2006. Web. 6 March 2010. Center for Science in the Public Interest. 2009. Web. 18 April 2010. Claridge, CL, et al. Slow Movement. com. 2010. Web. 6 March 2010. Dolson, Laura. Are the Schools Feeding Kids Too Much Junk? 22 September 2004. Web. 13 April 2010 Food Additives Whats Safe? 14 February 2005. Web. 18 April 2010. Draper, Dr. Mark. How the Diet Has Changed Over 70 Years. June 2001. Web. 30 March 2010 Hicks, Betsy. Developmental Delay Resources. 23 February 2009. Web. 6 March 2010 Pollan, Michael. In Defense of Food. New York: The Penguin Press, 2008. Print. TLC Cooking. 2009. Web. 18 April 2010.

How Cahokia Was Mighty essays

How Cahokia Was Mighty essays North of Mexico, the pre-Colombian settlement of Cahokia was the most influential and intricate Native American community in North America. A society of mound builders, which endured from about 9500 B.C. to 1400 A.D., they set up a massive trading center complete with their own types of governing bodies, architecture, religion, sophisticated farming, and local specialties. In one way or another, the Cahokian culture touched even the far reaches of the present day United States, from the Gulf Coast to the Great Lakes, from the Atlantic coast to Oklahoma, all from its central location in the Mississippi region. It is for these reasons that Cahokia was a superior power in the New World before the Europeans came, and even now, can be considered important and mighty. The first factor that indicates the might of the Cahokian culture is the great structures of earth that they created for public buildings, residences of the nobility, religious purposes, and as burial ground. These mounds, 120 in number, were built on an area exceeding five square miles, and usually were between six and twelve feet in height. The largest mound however, named Monks mound for the colony of Trappist monks who later tried colonize atop the construction, covers today 14 acres at the base and rises 100 feet in height. What is even mightier about this mound, which happens to be the largest pre-historic earthen structure in the New World, is that it took over 19 million hours of labor to complete, and that it was done all by hand. The 22 million cubic feet of dirt it took to form the mound, was deposited in stages from about 900 to 1200 A.D.. The greatness that is Monks mound was probably used for governing, ceremonies, and for the Cahokian leaders living spaces and burial plots. Another remarkable mound in Cahokia, simply called Mound 72, was designed by the Cahokians so that one end of it face...

Ratification of the US Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ratification of the US Constitution - Essay Example Contemporary scholars describe this day as follows: â€Å"two hundred years ago, the United States Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation as the fundamental law of the land when New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution on June 21, 1788.† (McGuire and Ohsfeldt 219) At that juncture in American history, there were those who were against the idea of a federal government that would be able to exercise control and supervision over the States. Thus, there were two primary factions with divergent perspectives on the matter: the antifederalists and the federalists. Whilst the Constitutional Convention was ongoing, robust debates were also taking place in the streets, in townhalls and the like. The federalists had belonged to the higher classes in society, while the anti-federalists tended to belong to the middle to lower classes. The Federalists and the Anti-Federalists The federalists had for its representatives statemen and American heroes in the form of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, who were in large part responsible for galvanizing support for the federal state. In the minds of the federalists, a strong federal government and more united, integrated states would be more helpful and viable in attaining the interests of the American people. They also felt that it was a step above the Articles of Confederation. It was their belief that a weak union between the states will only make it vulnerable to external and even internal threats. The anti-federalists, on the other hand, were united by the view that the United States was such a large country and it would be difficult to unite and govern a country of the size and diversity as that. They also blamed the Federalists for â€Å"overreaching† – that is to say, exercising power in an excessive, if not despotic manner. They expressed a preference for local rule, saying that a federal government would only behave as though there was a monarchy. An important issue that the federalists raised was the lack of the bill of rights in the adopted Constitution. This was a major issue for the anti-federalists. For present day supporters like Nedelsky, (340), â€Å"the Anti-federalists argued for a polity in which the citizen stands in close relation to the State, in which active and responsible participation is a serious concern, and in which equality holds a very high place.† It was in fact because of the very valid issues on civil liberties raised by the Anti-federalists that the Amendments to the Constitution was introduced – an inviolable bill of rights articulating our cherished principles. The anti-federalists also felt that the Constitutional Convention overstepped its bounds when it adopted the Constitution. The only permission granted to the Convention was to amend the Articles of Confederation, not abolish them altogether to create a completely different Constitution. Interestingly, the Federalists were opposed to the B ill of Rights. According to them, since the government was in power through the mandate of the people and in order to represent them, it seemed illogical to establish a Bill of Rights to control government’s actions

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of conventional 35mm single Essay

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of conventional 35mm single lens reflex cameras to other film formats and type of image - Essay Example To shed some light on this topic, the pros and cons of a 35 mm SLR over other film formats and image capturing systems have been detailed in this article. What is an SLR An SLR or Single Lens Reflex camera is one that has a ‘reflex mirror’ which allows the user to directly view the image being shot through the lens of the camera (Rowse2007). In simpler words, unlike other cameras which have a viewing system different from the lens of the camera, the SLR has only one viewing system and allows the user to see exactly what is being photographed through the viewfinder. SLR or Point and Shoot While deciding which camera one needs to buy, one needs to balance utility with price to choose a camera perfectly suited to their needs. Both SLRs and point and shoots have their own strengths and weaknesses with respect to each other. For example, SLRs have much faster shutter speeds than point and shoot cameras. This can duly be adjusted for the film being used and the abundance of li ght, giving the photographer multiple options for using high speed films (greater ISO) without risking grainy output in the photographs. Also, there is an almost negligible time lag between when the shutter is pressed and the film is exposed, giving the photographer a better opportunity of capturing the perfect moment even with a moving subject. Such is not the case with point and shoot cameras. Both digital and film P&S cameras have a time lag between when the shutter button is clicked and the sensor or film is exposed. This renders them more or less useless for anything but still photography and memories with orchestrated poses. An SLR allows the user to control almost every aspect of photography. He can adjust the light entering through the aperture, the speed of the film, the duration for which the shutter exposes the film, the focus of the image and even the kind of lens being used. Even the best of the point and shoot cameras can’t hold a candle to these features. The f act that the SLR allows for interchangeable lenses means that the photographer is ready for almost any kind of shot whether a close up, extreme close up, long or a wide shot. The lack of this feature sorely limits prospects with point and shoots. The quality of optics (lenses) in even the worst SLRs tops that in the best point and shoot cameras. The compatibility of these lenses with other camera bodies means that the investment in the lenses is not wasted if the camera body malfunctions. To upgrade, the photographer only needs to change the camera body, which itself is extremely durable compared to a point and shoot. However, an SLR also has certain limitations. One extremely limiting factor is the price of an SLR camera which is many times that of a point and shoot camera. Another prohibiting factor is the size and weight of SLR cameras. The weight of an SLR camera along with its lens kit, filters, flash apparatus and tripod can make it pretty inconvenient to carry around and also , an SLR requires considerable setup time for the perfect shot to be taken. A point and shoot can be fit into the user’s pocket, whipped out when needed and is ready to capture images. Another issue with SLRs is maintenance. Considering that the SLR is

Report on operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Report on operations management - Essay Example The first floor also has a big supermarket where people can shop for groceries as well as other types of goods. The second floor has a variety of shops ranging from restaurants, electronics shops sports shops etc. The third floor also features the same types of shops. It also contains a banking lobby and the other peculiar shops offering special products. There is an electronic massage parlor located in a public place (not enclosed). The shopping mall has two wings, with an expansive area between the wings. In this area are the elevators and lifts that can be used to reach the various floors. The users also have an option to use the stairs. Every floor has modern toilets. With regard to operations management, volume refers to the volume of productivity in relation to the amount of resources such as labor that are needed for the production. High volume refers to a high ratio of production versus resources needed. Supermarkets such as Tesco have high volume of operation throughput due to use of automation. In the Mall, there are various factors that have made it possible to increase the volume in its operations management. The factors have to look at the following; The shopping mall has to be able to allow for a smooth flow of people in and out of the shopping mall twenty 24 of the day. The guards at the entrance of the mall have to know how to enforce security to deal with any insecurity threat that may be coming into mall and at the same time be able to allow for the smooth flow of human traffic. The supermarket in the mall is not just a small grocery store but is a fully fledged supermarket selling all types of merchandise. The supermarket needs to bring in merchandise into the mall and at the same time, be able to release merchandise after customers have bought the merchandise. The submarket has its own loading area and therefore does not interfere with the traffic flowing into the mall. The

The Uses of DNA Technology in Forensic Science Essay Example for Free

The Uses of DNA Technology in Forensic Science Essay Timothy Banas has a masters degree in biophysics and was a high school science teacher in Chicago for seven years. He has since been working as a trading systems analyst, standardized test item developer, and freelance writer. As a freelancer, he has written articles on everything from personal finances to computer technology. Forensic science involves the use of scientific procedures to gather evidence related to matters of the law. The cells of all organisms contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and the DNA of any one organism is unique. Forensic scientists have learned to collect and analyze DNA to help determine which organismshumans as well as other kindswere present at the scene of a crime or catastrophe. DNA can be used to accomplish a number of specific goals in forensic investigations. Identifying Individual Persons * Because each persons DNA sequence is unique, it can be matched to him like a fingerprint. According to the U.S. governments Oak Ridge National Laboratory, forensic scientists use DNA evidence to identify persons in criminal and paternity cases. DNA evidence does not always identify a suspect or a man as being the father of a child; sometimes the forensic evidence exonerates a suspect or determines that a man is not the father of a child. DNA evidence can also be used to identify victims of catastrophes, such as natural disasters or terrorist attacks. Identifying Species of Animals * There are laws governing the conservation and hunting of endangered species. If someone is suspected of illegally capturing and transporting an endangered species, forensic scientists can use DNA analysis to confirm or rule out whether the animal specimen in question in fact belongs to the protected species. A few hair or skin cells from the animal will suffice to yield accurate test results, so a suspected animal transporter or hunter does not need to be caught with the actual animal. Other Applications * DNA evidence can be used to identify a type of bacteria or parasite  that may have caused the death of a person. This information can be useful in cases of medical or parental negligence. The origins of expensive consumables like liquors and caviars can be verified using DNA analysis. Lastly, DNA samples can help medical professionals find good donor organ matches for people who require organ transplantations to survive. - Bioremediation The use of living organisms for the recovery/ cleaning up of a contaminated medium (soil, sediment, air, water). The process of bioremediation might involve introduction of new organisms to a site, or adjustment of environmental conditions to enhance degradation rates of indigenous fauna. Bioremediation can be applied to recover brownfields for development and for preparing contaminated industrial effluents prior to discharge into waterways. Bioremediation technologies are also applied to contaminated wastewater, ground or surface waters, soils, sediments and air where there has been either accidental or intentional release of pollutants or chemicals that pose a risk to human, animal or ecosystem health. Different approaches to bioremediation take advantage of the metabolic processes of different organisms for degradation, or sequestering and concentration, of different contaminants. For example, soil bioremediation might be performed under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, and involve optimization of the metabolic pathways of bacteria or fungi for degradation of hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds or chlorinated pesticides. Phytoremediation is bioremediation using plants and is often proposed for bioaccumulation of metals, although there are many other different types of phytoremediation. Bioremediation using genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs, or GMOs), carrying recombinant proteins, is still relatively uncommon due to regulatory constraints related to their release and control. Other methods of enzyme optimization that do not include gene cloning technqiues, might be  applied to indigenous microorganisms in order to enhance their pre-existing traits. Examples: Nutrients were added to the soil to enhance bacterial degradation of contaminants and increase the rate of bioremediation on the brownfield site.

Challenges for Advertising Agencies by New Delivery Systems

Challenges for Advertising Agencies by New Delivery Systems Maphosa  Mokone Title of essay or assignment: WHAT HAS BEEN THE CHALLENGE POSED FOR ADVERTISING AGENCIES BY NEW MEDIA AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS? This essay will firstly give a brief overview of the beginning of advertising agencies followed by a brief outline of the role of these advertising agencies. This will be followed by a discussion of about new media and its functions. The challenges that new media and delivery systems have posed for advertising agencies will be discussed and finally a conclusion. Overview of the beginning of advertising agencies will be discussed followed by a brief outline of the role of advertising agencies. Advertising agencies first became prominent in the late 1800s with a rising demand for advertising services from magazines and newspapers (Reference). The first known and acknowledged advertising agency was William Taylor from as early as 1786 followed by another prominent one in 1800 which was started by James Jem White at Fleet Street in London. Agencies started in America in 1850 which placed client produced advertisements in newspapers (Reference). Agencies started operating on a global scale during the early twentieth century. One of the currently well-known advertising agencies that started in the 1850s is James Walter Thompson (JWT) (Reference). JWT first joined Carlton and Smith Agency; eventually purchasing the advertising firm in 1877 and renamed it JWT. Inorder to be to make the agency successful, JWT hired artists and writers; forming the first known Creative Department in any advertising agency. JWT was also the first agency to develop and leave a global footprint (Refer ence). Since then, several other agencies have been created. Whilst some have survived through adapting to current global technological changes, some have folded as a result of depleting advertising budgets. This will be discussed further within the essay. Christian, (2014) asserts that advertising agencies usually operate independently from their clients and sometimes handle overall marketing and branding strategies and sales promotions for its clients. Businesses have for many years been reliant on advertising agencies which use advertising platforms such as television, newspapers, radio and magazines. Advertising agencies are services centred on advertising businesses. According to Hackley, (2010), advertising agencies create, plan and handle advertising for its customers. Advertising agencies may sometimes include marketing and undertake other promotional work for its clients (Hackley, 2010); and can sometimes also handle overall marketing and branding strategies and sales promotions for customers depending on the customers needs (Hackley, 2010). In the beginning, advertising agencies did not create advertisements but simply brokered advertising space in magazines and newspapers. Advertising agencies have overtime added creative se rvices to increase revenue. Their main role is to work with clients to develop advertising campaigns. They are staffed by copywriters, art directors, and media planners who create and place advertisements in what they deem as appropriate media for target audiences. Advertising agencies work within a companys advertising budget. What is New Media and its functions Advertising is becoming increasingly refined due to the introduction of new media. Chun and Keenan, (2006. Eds) refer to New media as products and services that provide information using various forms of electronic communication accessible the use of computer technology; it generally describes content that can is available on-demand through the Internet. New media enables people to view any content on various devices such as computers, laptops, tablets etcetera. This provides people with a way to immediately interact with the content and also enables people to share a lot of content online within a short space of time; this can be social networks or work related content with co-workers. Heath and Bryant, (2000) state that the introduction of new media has posed challenges to traditional advertising agencies due to the growth of the Internet and mobile technologies. Lewis, (2010) concurs by suggesting that the introduction of new media has had significant implications for advertising industry as new media has become the preferred platform of advertising thereby usurping business from advertising agencies. Dewdney and Ride, (2006) state that one of the key features of new and emerging media technologies which are now being used to advertise are often portable and have the capability to reach a wider audience within a very short space of time. New media advertising is mainly cost effective as most of the advertising platforms are free; this is not the case with old media which has always been used by advertising agencies (Lindgren cited in Galloway, 2005). New media advertising has the ability to promote visual marketing which is appealing to the consumer as compared to old media advertising which mostly in print form; and also enables content delivery on demand by consumers depending on the target audience (Las Vegas Review Journal, 2016). New media enables clients to develop blogs or webpages that provide up-to-date information on their products or services within seconds whereas advertising media have to plan in advance and schedule release of information following availability and purchase of advertising space. Within new media delivery systems, customers can subscribe to news feeds by receiving alerts to sales or company events directly to their electronic gadgets (reference). Companies with an online presence can also advertise their business on other popular websites to direct unique visitors to their companys webpage or use influencers to draw business towards their products. Whilst advertising agencies can also use influencers , it takes longer for advertisements to be seen on print media.In addition, new media has the ability and capacity to facilitate person-to-person communication through the availability of multimedia messaging through MMS, text messaging, SMS, emailing, SMS, online chatting and instant messaging, online forums and blogging within a short space of time; whereas old media used by advertising agencies is usually more of story -telling and rarely delivers specific calls to action (Streten, 2013). Advertising agencies use a one way form of communication whereas new media offers a two way communication with target audiences hence businesses now rely more on new media as it is easy to reach prospective new clients (Hausman, 2012) (Owen, 1999). This poses a massive challenge to advertising agencies as the amount of time taken to reach the same number of prospective clients will be much more. New media has brought about change to service provision in areas as diverse as dating, delivery of hi gher education courses and how people do their banking and the advantage is that this can be set for specific target audiences and therefore most companies will prefer this type of advertising as the target audience will be reached faster in comparison to traditional advertising; for example, when advertising adult content on television, this can only be advertised after watershed times and by then, some of the target audiences will not be watching or might miss the adverts (Bennet, 2003). Advertising agencies have been known to work as a link between smaller businesses which cannot often afford personal marketing teams and therefore companies, especially smaller ones turn to new advertising platforms as these are usually free (Inc.com, 2016). Advertising agencies have for many years focused predominantly on traditional media advertising, alongside television media (Brooks, 2012). However, new media has dramatically changed the role that print advertising plays in an agencys overall strategy and therefore advertising agencies have to now determine the new role for print, if any leading to the agencys further predicament. New media enables advertisers to quantify the increased revenue to clients which is a challenge to advertising agencies as their revenues cannot be accurately quantifiable (Hausman, 2012). New media, for example, Instagram, has the provision for advertisers with business insights, to understand their followers and clients engagement with the advertisin g campaigns (Instagram Business Tools, 2016) whereas advertising agencies do not have this provision especially if advertising on print media. Advertising agencies will need to master brand advertising and marketing and so as to be able to quantify the increased revenue to clients. In addition, agencies will need to work to focus more on the customer than its client inorder to somehow match new media delivery systems. This is likely to be costly for the agency as they need to train staff and change the rest of their planned advertisements (Reference) The challenges that new media and delivery systems have posed for advertising agencies New media has dramatically changed how advertising works and are continuously presenting several challenges for advertising agencies. Some of the hurdles encountered by advertising agencies include using new media and delivery systems media to deliver financial outcomes for clients, and they effectively integrate new media delivery systems such as Facebook, Instagram and twitter into inclusive campaigns and use these to convince clients that experts in social media can effectively deliver better results than doing so in person. Willott, (2011) suggest that changes in both technological and consumer behaviour have led to significant implications for the advertising industry. He argues that new media has given rise to the need to revisit advertising strategies and to the development of new ways of customer engagement for marketers during the communication process. Deuze, (2005) states that whilst engaging customers in advertising activities, new media has forced agencies to rethink new creative possibilities therefore creating challenges for adverting agencies as they have been used to a certain way of advertising which has always suited their business without taking the consumer into much consideration (2007). Therefore, it in this sense that new media has created both opportunities and challenges to advertising agencies and practitioners as they need to rise to the challenge of new media delivery systems by working in a way that will surpass or match or new media advertising. Falls (2009) suggests that advertising agencies are trying to figure out social media and if they want to continue to offer various marketing services to clients, then it is important to evolve and embrace some tenets of new media and adjust advertising strategies. He indicates that some agencies are adjusting by hiring smart new media thinkers; however there are still many that still operate in the same way they did before the introduction of media which has taken over the world of adverting. Falls, (2010) further states that many ad agencies have not yet figured out Interactive advertising; for example, Web 1.0 followed by Web 2.0 and many agencies and their respective creatives (art directors, copywriters, designers) and clients services teams are still not trained to think digitally. He argues that the problem is that there is a culture clash between advertising agencies and new media advertising and the issues can be said to both philosophical and tactical. (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). Philosophically, Falls, (2010) suggest that advertising agencies use a one-way communication system aimed at large groups of customers as compared to new media delivery systems which offer a two-way communication system; this requires listening and speaking. He further argues that new media can be deemed a multiple-way communication system as brands can speak and listen to customers and also observe or watch whilst other customers communicate with each other. Agencies creatives and strategic planners have to try and include similar communication systems however this will take a long time to achieve and can be costly as they have to either engage staff that are familiar with new media or train their existing staff on how new media works which may not be cost effective (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). It can be argued that new media delivery systems are customer focussed as it offers value for money to customers whereas advertising agencies are more business focussed and do not of fer to build a relationship with the customer (Coghlan, W. 2007). Therefore, philosophically, it can be argued that agency creative staff are being asked to all of a sudden master and undertake new methods of advertising and communicating which is in contrast to everything they have learnt in their careers. This has a direct impact on agencies as it directly impacts staff morale and can be counter effective. Looking at the issues from a tactical view, Falls, (2010) states that advertising creatives have always primarily focussed on traditional media and therefore are not wed savvy. For most of the employees, during the traditional advertising era, there were technological or electronic designing classes. Advertising was more art focussed which means the agency directors and designers were and still are more art focussed than technological. Traditional advertising is more linked to storytelling whereas web savvy specialists emanate from a technological era hence are experienced at in teractive or digital communication and work production. Falls, (2010) further states within advertising agencies, creative teams usually brainstorm to create their advertisements and are usually not part of the creative process and told what to input in their creative pieces by someone who makes the decision whereas those from the new media era are part of the creative process and therefore become part of the decision making process. (Reference). In addition, new media revolves around content creation, however, advertising agencies are incapable and ill prepared to create and produce the volume and type of content necessary for delivery systems such as Facebook, blogs, YouTube, Instagram and twitter, to name a few. New media on the other hand produces immediate quick conversational and responsive content whereas advertising agencies have to proof read several times and given the go ahead to publish. Advertising agencies buy advertising space and place advertisements for their clients and this is for a certain period of time however in new media, any posts last as long as the user likes and therefore are available to be viewed by more people generating possible new clientele (Reference). This has resulted in advertising agencies realising massive plummeting revenue figures. Due to advertising revenue falling due to plummeting readership and circulation, agencies have been forced to let some of its staff go which has endangered the quality of the newspapers and worsened the situation for advertising agencies (Currah, 2009a). Staff turnover has had a huge impact on advertising agencies due to loss of jobs due to most work which was manually done in old media being done technologically/electronically. Gregory, (2012)s research into how new media was impacting on advertising agencies indicates in the recent global recession in addition to new media appears to have left a massive impa ct on advertising agencies and their employees. Gregory, (2012) states several agencies had to downsize or lay off most of their employees while other employees moved to different industries because they were unsure about their jobs. Learmont, (2008), reports that according to a web based advertising agency media analysis of US Department of Labour employment statistics and news reports, advertising agencies in the United States shed more than 30,000 jobs in 2008 inorder to remain viable. However, in shedding these jobs, the agencies are likely to encounter further challenges as the laid off staff have the knowledge of how advertising works and therefore can get together and start their own competitive agencies that utilise new media and therefore pose more challenges as their customers will follow them in top their new businesses as they will already have a working partnership. These changes resulted in high turnover at other competing corporations; therefore, this weakened client ties to advertising agencies as most employees that individual clients had developed working relationships with had left the advertising agencies and therefore took their businesses elsewhere. Clients were unsure if these advertising agencies would continue trading which could negatively impact their businesses if the agencies went out of business (Gregory, 2012). Advertising agencies need to have consistent and trusting relationships with their afloat otherwise a non-consistent relationship makes it easier for clients to take their business elsewhere. Inorder to overcome McCabe, (2012 in Gregory, 2012) states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. its difficult to maintain consistent creative approaches and media buying strategies when writers, art directors and media buyers dont remain agency employees beyond one airing of an advertising campaign, This mainly results from low sta ff turnover following agencies retrenching staff go due to low clientele leading to agencies losing their income base. Most business that was traditionally handled by advertising agencies has now mostly been taken over by new media advertising. Business owners appear to prefer this type of advertising as they argue that whilst there are certain challenges in using new media for business advertisements, these are outweighed by the opportunities in terms of cost, longevity of displayed advertisements, reaching target audience on a wide scale (e-marketer, 2016): for example, advertising on Facebook also advertises on Instagram meaning you place one advert on one delivery system and it appears on other delivery systems using Instagrams hashtag system. Due to the hours people spend on their mobile phones, emails and browsing social networks, a little time is now spent reading newspapers and magazines and usually by the older generation who still prefer traditional media advertising, advertising agencies that have remained afloat have had to completely change the way. Most customers would like to skip commercial and therefore prefer to use new media delivery systems which enables them to skip commercials and view whatever interests them. Epstein, (2015) states that advertising agencies and brand advertisers are still focussing on the short slots they that traditional media has used since the inception of traditional advertising because this is what they have always known and been good at. However, due to their reluctance to adapt to the changes brought by new media, the agencies are failing to reach their target audiences as the audiences have now been swept away by the new media and service delivery systems (Choi, (2011). Therefore , it can be argued that despite these changes and challenges being encountered by agencies, they are still inept to adapt to the changes that are ruining agency efficacy. Advertising agencies have become rigid to the ways to they practice such that they have been increasingly slow to adapt to the new media ways of practice (Haughteling, 2015) This could be a result of the way advertisements have been formulated in the past and because they have over the years successfully operated in this way, agencies do not see the need to adapt and evolve to the advertising trends brought about by new media and delivery systems. Haughteling, (2015) suggests that the big successful advertising agencies such as Omnicom, IPG[1], Saatchi and Saatchi and WPP to name a few, have adapted and focussed more upon its digital functions and in so doing, shuffled their teams to suit current trends and laid off excess staff and hired already qualified personnel who are adept in using new media. However, with a ll the changes the agencies have undergone, these have not altered the fundamental threats faced by advertising agencies in this era of rapid technological change resulting from the excellence of new media (Beeching and Wood, 2007). If agencies are ill-equipped to handle the demands of digital media, new partners who are ready to rise upto the challenge will continue to usurp business from the agencies and additional challenges will be realised by agencies and affect their efforts of trying to remain afloat and in competition. In addition, brands can directly partner digital influencers who have hordes of new media followers and play an important role in matching brands, manufacturers and clients as they help to coordinate broader campaigns (Benkler, 2006). Whilst advertising agencies place advertisements that aims to reach a wider group of customers, new media involves individually tailored person to person marketing (Hausman, 2012). New media uses targeting tools which enables advertisers to pay only for advertisements that they feel prospective clients who might be interested in the advertised products (Allen, 2015). Magazine advertising campaigns are commonly produced beforehand and are usually scheduled for months which does not satisfy the consumers need for new content on a regular basis (Hausman, 2012). New media on the other hand produces and immediately issues out regular new content on a regular basis. In addition, OGuinn et al., (2012) state that advertising agencies have periodical subscription fees as compared to new media which is mostly free or cheaper which results in new media having the urge over advertisements placed by advertising agencies. Therefore, this poses several challenges for advertising agencies as they lo se regular and prospective clientele to new media platforms which offers them much more for less payments. In addition to the above, advertising agencies do not completely. Conclusion In conclusion, it is apparent that the rise of new media has posed challenges for advertising agencies in that major changes have been realised within the advertising industry as a whole and to the role of advertising agencies in particular. Coghlan, W. (2007) states that advertising agencies work as a link between clients and consumers however the speed with which new media delivery systems avails new content on various platforms cannot be matched by platforms used by advertising agencies. New media continues to lead in the advertising setting and research shows that it still has a capability to gain further momentum with the next few years as more and more delivery systems are being introduced which appear to be favoured by both the customers and clients (Reference). New media advertising has opened a whole new wide world of opportunities for clients as more and more customers are engaging well with new media. Digital media use is global and is increasingly overtaking agencies time spent watching TV and reading newspapers in on the decline. Internet use now accounts for double the time spent using traditional media (Meeker 2015). New media is getting stronger; for example, Instagram, one of the new media delivery systems is expected to reach at least $3.8 billion business by 2020 (DOnfro, 2016). In contrast, advertising agencies are having to lay off staff due to a decline in clientele and moreso their advertising budget is increasingly decreasing due to a decline in their profit margins. References Andreasen, A.R. (2002). Marketing Social Marketing in the Social Change Marketplace. Journal of Public Policy Marketing.Vol. 21 (I) pp. 3-13 Deuze, M. (2010). Managing Media Work. Business Economics. SAGE Publications. London Fox, S. 1985. Making of Modern Advertising. New York Joseph, T. (2007). Breaking Up America: Advertisers and the New Media World. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. Liang, K. and Jacobs, L. (2015). Chinas advertising agencies: Problems and relations International Journal of Advertising Vol. 13(3) pp. 205-215 Marchand, R. 1995. Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920 1940 Berkeley: University of California Press. Miller, C 1994, Advertisers face an interactive future, Marketing News, 28, 14, p. 10, Business Source Ultimate, EBSCOhost, viewed 8 December 2016. OBrien, M., 2015. What Challenges Do Agencies Face? Agency Spotlight Marketing. Available online at: https://www.clickz.com/what-challenges-do-agencies-face-in-2015/25796/ [Accessed on 08 November 2016] Owen, B.M. 1999. The Internet Challenge to Television. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. Patten, G. 2015, Media buying will get harder, Campaign Asia-Pacific, p. 44, [Accessed on: 9 December 2016] Salman, A., Ibrahim, F., Hj.Abdullah M.Y., Mustaffa, N. and Mahbob, M.H. 2011. 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