technology :: essays research papers

IntroductionEven now, node relationship management (CRM) is in its evolution stage. Until recently, diverse individuals defined this concept differently. As the name suggests, the primary focal point is placed on the customer. If a company develops better customer relationships, it as well improves business processes as well as its profits. In general CRM, is a more efficient automated method used to connect and improve all told areas of business to focus on creating more solid customer relationships (CRM question Center, 2001). All forces are coupled together to save, improve, and acquire greater business to customer relationships. The most common areas of business that are positively affected include marketing, sales, and customer service strategies (Digital Consulting Institute, 2002 CRM Research Center, 2001). CRM helps create time efficiency and savings on both sides of the business spectrum. Through correct implementation and use of CRM solutions, companies gain a better understanding of their strongest and weakest areas and how they roll in the hay improve upon these. Therefore, customers gain better products and work from their businesses of choice. In order to achieve better insight on CRM, it is essential to consider all of its components. Analogous to other technologies, CRM has its goals, costs, implementation strategies, and success and failure stories.GoalsIf successful, CRM can assist businesses with many customer-oriented processes. In general, companies will be able to offer better customer service. By keeping track of customer preferences, a company will have a better idea of what type of questions to expect (Bannan, 2001). Through well-organized call centers they can provide faster more intelligent solutions to customers questions and complaints.costCRM does not come without its costs, however, according to a recent survey conducted by The Data Warehousing Institute, nearly half of the people surveyed stated that their CRM project ex penses were slight than $500,000. This demonstrates that not all CRM implementation has to be costly. On the other hand, this survey also presented that quite a few participants had budgets of more than $10 million (CRM Research Center, 2001).

Essay --

How to change the oil and filter on a 1993 VW Corrao VR6The following instructions are recommended for changing the motor oil on a 1993 Corrado with a 6-cylinder VR6 motor type. Oil changes are necessary to ensure proper lubrication for the engine during use, usually ranging from every 3,000 to 5,000 miles. oer time, the oil breaks down and may cause excess wear on internal parts. The oil filter should also be changed at this time, due to some(prenominal) particles the filter may have caught from the gray oil. Depending on your level of mechanical ability and weather conditions, this process should take about an hour or less. entertain read all instructions thoroughly before attempting any maintenance.New parts6 quarts of oil1 filterToolsFloor jackContainer for old oilA 6mm Allen wrench for oil filter plug36mm socket for oil filter housing19mm socket for drain plug on panSocket wrench (3/8 or 1/2 is fine)Torque wrenchSteps1.Warm up the engine by driving around for a few minutes. This pass on warm up the oil and will decrease the amount of time the oil needs to drain.2.Park the ...

Comparing the Salem Witch Trials and Modern Satanic Trials Essay

The Salem Witch Trials and Modern unholy Trials Cotton Mather, in his The Wonders of the Invisible World, preserved for posterity a very dark period in Puritanical American society through his account of the Salem jinx trials in 1692. His description is directly recognizable as being of the resembling viewpoint as those who were swept up in the hysteria of the moment. Mather viewed Salem as a battleground between the devil and the Puritans. The New Englanders are a people of God settled in those which were once the devils territories. . . . The devil thus irritated, immediately tried all sorts of methods to overturn this poor plantation (Mather 421). Here Mather is alluding to the Native Americans as being a people associated with the devil rather than with their God, a ballpark point of view held towards all savage people. Mather saw the witches of Salem as being his the devils incarnate legions displace to Salem to persecute us. . . (Mather 421). The Salem witch trials do become a part of American mythology which has been passed down to each succeeding generation for over 300 years after the village of Salem sent its last witch to the gallows. However, it is the witch trials relevance to modern society more than any other factor that has contributed to its legendary place in American news report and mythology. The witch trials that occurred in Salem, Massachusetts, are the precursor to the modern trials where adults are accused of crimes including ritualistic sexual molestation of children. These types of ritualized abuse are commonly linked to Satanic cults. Modern beliefs in Satanists mirror similar beliefs held of colonial witches. However comforting it is to look back at the Salem witch trials as a ... ...ct that the same social forces that were in place in Salem in 1692 are still present and at work in modern era courtrooms crossways the country where innocent people stand accused of horrific acts. Works Cited Mather, Cotton. The Wonders of the Invisible World. The Heath Anthology Of American Literature. Third Edition. Vol I. ed. Paul Lauter. New York Houghton Mifflin Co. 1997, 421-424. Rosenthal. Bernard. Salem storey Reading the Witch Trials of 1692. Cambridge Mass Cambridge University Press, 1995. Sebald, Hans, Ph.D. Witch-Children from Salem Witch-Hunts to Modern Courtrooms. New York Prometheus Books, 1995. Starkey, Marion L. The Devil In Massachusetts A Modern Inquiry Into The Salem Witch Trials. capital of the United Kingdom Robert Hale Limited. Victor, Jeffrey S. Satanic Panic The Creation of a Contemporary Legend. Chicago Open Court, 1993.

Dwight Eisenhower :: essays research papers

Dwight D. Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890, in Denison, Texas. His parents, David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Stover Eisenhower, were a deeply religious couple who belonged to a Protestant sect called the River Brethren. Dwight had 2 older br some others, Arthur and Edgar, and three younger mavins, Roy, Earl, and Milton. As a baby, his family moved to Abilene, Kansas where Dwight&8217s father worked in a creamery. During that time, the sons raised and sold vegetables and found a intermixture of other jobs to contribute to household expenses (2, Ambrose). Dwight, often nicknamed &8220Little Ike to distinguish him from &8220Big Ike, his brother Edgar, impressed his fellow students. Predictions that appeared in their high school yearbook see Dwight becoming a history professor and Edgar, interestingly, President of the United States (146, Richardson).After high school, Dwight worked full-time at the creamery and helped pay for some of Edgar&8217s college expenses (12, Ambrose). Dwight never survey about a higher education until a friend persuaded him to apply to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He received an appointment to the honorary society by Senator Joseph Bristow of Kansas where later he played for the academy&8217s football team (16, Ambrose). A knee injury forced him to quit and end his hopes of be a star halfback. In 1915, Eisenhower graduated from the academy and the Army assigned him to Fort Sam Houston, where he held the rank of second lieutenant.While coaching sports teams when arrive at duty at Fort Sam Houston, he met Mamie Geneva Doud, a visitor from Denver, and started taking her to social gatherings at the base. On July 1, 1916, the day of his promotion to send-off lieutenant, Dwight and Mamie were married. The young couple had their first son, Doud Dwight Eisenhower, died of scarlet fever at three years old. Later, the Eisenhowers had a second son, John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower who later became an Army officer and diplomat ( 147, Richardson).In Eisenhower&8217s commission, he directed tank training programs for officers and recruits at Camp Colt, located at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. After World War I, Eisenhower served as one of Brigadier General Fox Conner&8217s staff officers. Conner&8217s self-discipline and attention to detail impressed Eisenhower. Conner supported Eisenhower in his admission to the Army&8217s &8220leadership factory. In 1926, Eisenhower graduated first in his class of 275 top Army officers who survived a highly demanding training in tactics and various other military skills.

Homoerotic and Homophobic Possibilities in The Castle of Otranto Essay

Homoerotic and Homophobic Possibilities in The fort of OtrantoEve Sedgwick describes the gothic unused as a dialectic between the homosexual and homophobic (92). Homosexuality was first recognized in the eighteenth century and resulted in far arrive at social responses. With the establishment of the term homosexuality, social tensions appeared. These tensions found their way into inventions as fears of sexuality and the struggle for sexual expression. Sedgwick terms this emerging homoeroticism as the gothic unspeakable, which is reflected through the depiction of male class and male sexuality (95). Although homosexuality is not explicitly discussed in the text of Otranto, some critics stupefy the relationships and behaviours between the male characters to manifest Sedgwicks queer reading of the gothic novel.Research on Walpole has yet to turn up any concrete demonstration that proves he had a preference for men. However, analysts of Walpoles letters have found that he had devel oped strong intimate relationships with men that can only be described as romantic, and therefore homoerotic in nature (Fincher 231). Historically, Walpole has also been accused of being effeminate. In a pamphlet written by William Guthrie, an fervor is made on Walpoles ambiguous gender, of which Guthrie describes Walpole as delicate of the third sex and possessing a most ladylike manner (Fincher 233). There is ceaselessly the possibility that Guthries pamphlet was only written out of anger. Never the less, it functions as a piece of evidence that suggests Walpoles sexuality, as well as provides an indication of the attitude towards homosexuality at the time.If indeed Walpole had homoerotic tendencies, then his sexuality would give rise to rec... ... wins at the end of the novel, as Manfreds surname and property is stripped from him. Whether this indicates Walpole coming to peace with his own sexuality is debatable, and one can only speculate. Never the less, Sedgwicks queer rea ding of the gothic novel provides another unique perspective towards Otranto.Works CitedFincher, Max. Guessing the Mould Homosocial Sins in Horace Walpoles The Castle of Otranto. Gothic Studies 3 (2001) 229-45.Haggerty, George E. Literature and Homosexuality in the deep Eighteenth Century Walpole, Beckford, and Lewis. Studies in the Novel 18 (1986) 341-352.Napier, Elizabeth R. The Failure of Gothic. Oxford Oxford UP, 1987.Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Between Men English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York Columbia UP, 1985.Walpole, Horace. The Castle of Otranto. New York Oxford UP, 1996.

Homoerotic and Homophobic Possibilities in The Castle of Otranto Essay

Homoerotic and Homophobic Possibilities in The Castle of OtrantoEve Sedgwick describes the gothic novel as a dialectic between the homosexual and homophobic (92). Homosexuality was first recognized in the eighteenth century and resulted in far reaching social responses. With the establishment of the terminal gayness, social tensions appeared. These tensions found their way into novels as fears of sexuality and the struggle for sexual expression. Sedgwick terms this emerging homoeroticism as the gothic unspeakable, which is reflected by dint of the depiction of male class and male sexuality (95). Although homosexuality is not explicitly discussed in the text of Otranto, some critics find the relationships and behaviours between the male characters to spare Sedgwicks queer reading of the gothic novel.Research on Walpole has yet to turn up any concrete evidence that proves he had a option for men. However, analysts of Walpoles letters have found that he had developed strong intimat e relationships with men that can only be described as romantic, and thence homoerotic in nature (Fincher 231). Historically, Walpole has also been accused of being effeminate. In a nerve pathway written by William Guthrie, an attack is made on Walpoles ambiguous gender, of which Guthrie describes Walpole as delicate of the third sex and possessing a most ladylike manner (Fincher 233). There is always the possibility that Guthries pamphlet was only written out of anger. Never the less, it functions as a piece of evidence that suggests Walpoles sexuality, as well as provides an indication of the attitude towards homosexuality at the time.If indeed Walpole had homoerotic tendencies, then his sexuality would give rise to rec... ... wins at the end of the novel, as Manfreds title and property is stripped from him. Whether this indicates Walpole plan of attack to peace with his own sexuality is debatable, and one can only speculate. Never the less, Sedgwicks queer reading of the goth ic novel provides another unique stance towards Otranto.Works CitedFincher, Max. Guessing the Mould Homosocial Sins in Horace Walpoles The Castle of Otranto. Gothic Studies 3 (2001) 229-45.Haggerty, George E. Literature and Homosexuality in the Late Eighteenth Century Walpole, Beckford, and Lewis. Studies in the Novel 18 (1986) 341-352.Napier, Elizabeth R. The Failure of Gothic. Oxford Oxford UP, 1987.Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Between Men English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York Columbia UP, 1985.Walpole, Horace. The Castle of Otranto. New York Oxford UP, 1996.

A Call from the Lower Middle Class

Most people belonging to the commence midpoint contour are usually those who have a little degree of education and acquire basic office and clerical jobs. A rising issue on the division of classes is the abolishment of the lower snapper class and the threat of more lower classes to evolve. Thus, in order to save the lower middle class, their needs as well as priorities must be considered and given enough attention.One of the basic needs of people belonging to the said class is health care. Due to the high cost of obtaining a health insurance, only limited people are able to access to an assured quality health care. Another need that should be considered is the opportunities for high wage jobs. The fee that the lower middle class gain from their works is not sufficient especially for those who already have a family.Such salary will be allocated to the everyday budget of his family. With the continuously increasing prices of the necessary commodities, the allocation of a low wage salary would be difficult. Some of the supposedly basic necessities for the family susceptibility be disregarded and sending their children to college might also arise as a problem.With regards to education on the tertiary level, an affordable college education must be provided. Reduced cost of education for those belonging to the lower middle class families would mean great importance and assistance. Provision of scholarship programs is also a firmness of purpose for the problem in education.The issue on education must be given priority since this process prepares the next generation for a better job. In the long run, if the education would be adequate, then the threat for the demolition of the lower middle class will no longer exist. Other needs of the lower middle class that must be considered concerns provision of low housing programs, reduced tax payment and an improve retirement security.The said social class must not be taken in for granted because they take part in the de velopment of the economic growth of the country. The progress of the lower middle class is a means to reflect the condition of the states economy.ReferenceStrengthening the Middle Class. Retrieved April 17, 2008, from http//www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/middleclass/

Margaret Laurence’s The Stone Angel Essay

Margaret Laurences The Stone Angel is a fresh, which depicts the brave days of life of the protagonist Hagar Currie-Shipley. felicitate, seclusion and final journey to finish are the important themes of the novel. The character of Hagar is transformed through the novel and the readers can see different stages this old woman comes in her perception of opposite(a) people, life and death. Multiple flashbacks give us idea about the life of the main character and people who surround her. Margaret Laurence goes further than unmixed description of yetts. Deep investigation of Hagars beliefs, thoughts and ideas present non only a valuable investigation of old ladys national world, further also make the readers to reflect on such important themes as love, friendship, pride, acceptance of death and coming in terms with ones reality.Margaret Laurence wrote in one of her interviews that she was not sure if the last days of ninety-year old woman could be an interesting reading for t he wide audience. But she dared and fulf rachiticed her idea and the novel became popular among the readers. It was included into several study courses soon after it was published. The subject touched in the novel echoed in the hearts of the readers and they were ready to share an populate of dying woman and reflect on the themes of pride and loneliness. preen is the best characteristic of the main character. All Hagars life is dedicated to one supreme purpose she wants to make a good appearance by any means. Any manifestations of emotions she regards as weakness, which should be avoided by any means. The name of the novel becomes a symbol for this pride, which makes the main purpose of Hagars life. From early age she feels superior to other children. An accident on the Manawak dump is very characteristics for bettor understanding of Hagars character.When Hagars friend Lottie killes small chicks in the Manawak dump Hagar becomes greatly impressed by this accident. This accident made such a great impression on Hagar that she was not able to forget about it during all her life. Many eld later she retold this accident to Lottie after the death of their children. This accident had such an impression on Hagar not only because of her extra sensitiveness. For her killing birds became manifestation of strength. This strength was manifested by her shy friend.As Hagar herself describes her Lottie was light as an eggshell herself, and I felt snappish toward her littleness and pale fine hair, for I was tall and sturdy and dark and would have analogousd to be the opposite (Laurence,. 27). Comparing herself to Lottie Hagar suddenly came to recognition that she was weaker than slight and shy girl she disdained. This accident became one of the turning points in the becoming of Hagars personality and shaped out all her further life. An accident in the Manawak dump made Hagar obsessed with pride and desire to keep a good appearance in front of people by any mean. Pride became sense of life and she was ready to sacrifice everything to this ideal. She did not make any exceptions, even for her dearest people.Being afraid to become weak, she even refuses to pretend macrocosm her mother when her dying brother asks her about this. She refuses to do so because she believes her mother was a weak person and Hagar is afraid even to pretend existence weak. Pride does not let Hagar to accept the choice of her son to marry Lotties daughter. She sees their relations as a joke of God if people had told me forty years ago my son would fall for No-Name Lottie Driesers daughter, Id have laughed in their faces (Laurence, 204). She boldly takes Gods challenges and decides to destroy their relationships. For this purposes she even turns to Lotties help. Hagar is opinionated and self-assured enough to make the decisions for other people and their future.She does not take feelings of other people seriously and even happiness of her own son does not count in compari son to her own ambitions. She does not hesitate even for a minute when making a decision to destroy Johns and Arlenes relationship. Hagar forgets her own youth when she did not listen to anybody and married the man she had fallen in love with. I saw them with a covey of young, like Jesss had been, clustered like fish spawn, children with running noses and drooping, handed-down pants four sizes too large. I couldnt face the thought. (Laurence, 211) She is absolutely sure in her right and power to decide the destinies of other people and such attitude at last results in a tragedy. Pride and aesthetic feeling become main reasons, which define all Hagars behavior.Obsession with the importance of appearance becomes a reason, which destructs Hagars life. This concern about appearance prevented her from enjoying physical love with the husband. Inner rules and restrictions did not let her to forget about morals and appearance even for a minute. Doing her best to keep a good appearance she does not even abuse on the funerals of her beloved son.Death is another important theme of the novel. All Hagars life becomes a constant battle with death. Since early years she denies death and destructions and since these very early times they follow her step by step. Feeling an approach of death, Hagar tries to escape this reality and looks for the mean to deceive death. In the beginning she turns to memories and recollects the pictures from her past. childhood memories, marriage and children, all these memories help Hagar to create her own reality where there is no place for death. She can not even tolerate thoughts about death.In her reflections she states Hard to imagine a world and I not in it. Will everything stop when I do? Stupid old baggage, who do you recover you are? Hagar. Theres no one else like me in this world (Laurence, 255). Such a position reflects selfish attitude and pride. Hagar can not believe that the world can exist without her. When Hagar realizes that she can not escape from reality any more aggression and desire to potpourri something replaces all other feelings. Hagar rejects help of other people and tries to fight death. She can hardly control her feelings and anger becomes a mean to express her protest against the existing order of the world. The realization become difficult because death is that phenomenon, which Hagar tried to escape by any means since early childhood.From the very moment when Lottie killed chicks Hagar did not want to confess even to herself that death was a natural part of the world. She rejects any kind of help and perceives Marvins attempt to put her in the nursing home as a humiliation. Only after long period of inner fight Hagar finally comes in terms with the reality. Acceptance of the world around her becomes new experience for Hagar. She finally comes to hard realizations that her will and regal can not control everything in the world and there are things she has to perceive as they are, not atte mpting to improve them. index to see different sides of the problem also becomes new experience for Hagar. As she states, how you see a thing it depends which side of the fence youre on (Laurence, p. 224)whitethorn be for the first time in her life Hagar realizes that there are other people around her and these people also have feelings, thoughts and emotions. Such naive conclusion becomes a very serious breakthrough for this strong and proud woman who used to control everything and everybody during all her life. Hagar finally starts counting with the will of other people. She does several mercy deeds, which are done not because of some aesthetic value or in the attempt to make a good appearance. Hagar helps ill girl who can not get up. Later she talks to her son and tells him she loves him more than John, who died in the car accident. These actions require enormous amount of Hagars inner force. Simple acts of mercy are so new to her that she can not perceive them as something no rmal, like most of the people do. This transformation becomes the greatest exercise for Hagar.She lies to Marvin in the name of love. This lie is very vividly apposed to her proud refusal to lie for the sake of her dying brother many years ago. All these changes become a vivid indicator of big transformation, which happens to Hagar during the last days of her life. She finally realizes that there are things, which are more important than pride and good appearance, which have driven all her previous life. Such things as compassion, friendship and love for the first time uncover their true meaning for Hagar. The author uses the death to show the change in the perspective of the main character and to let the reader follow the person who leaves this world.From the other side new realization does not change her proud and independent nature. Hagar is still afraid and feels lonely, nevertheless she does not fight her destiny and the whole world any more. She makes her final decision to leave the world being proud and independent, like she has spent her whole life. In the last scene Hagar, dying, rejects the help of the nurse to help her drink some water. She does it herself and this usual action which we do several times a day becomes an exploit for dying woman and proves her independence and power of her spirit.Margaret Laurence has chosen a difficult topic for her novel. She depicted the last days of the old woman left alone in her world, surrounded by the memories of the past and lonely in her voluntary isolation. The author describes different stages Hagar passed in advance her death and analyses her emotional conditions during these stages. But we meet death several times during the novel. We see in the memories of Hagar who lost almost all her dear people but didnt think about the death like about something which could happen to her. The death is described without embellishments and exaggerations. But ordinary and routine descriptions help to get better und erstanding of the death and, finally, of life.Works Cited1. Margaret Laurence, The Stone Angel, New Canadian Library, Toronto, 1968.

A Book That Has Had an Impact on Me Essay

During my fourth year of secondary school, I became acutely aware of the Womens Rights Issue. I made an attempt to re-examine many of the cultural norms that I had previously accepted as just cosmos the natural order of things. One of the paths I took to expand my awareness of the female psyche involved womens literature. That is why I spent one weekend of my behavior in bedcrying, laughing, feeling sometimes confused, and often, incredibly angry and distraught. On that rainy Humboldt Friday night I had decided to read The Womens Room.The author, Marilyn Fridey, describes the lives of several women from the 1950s to present. These women are nothing out of the ordinary. They either go to college and then subscribe married, or they get married without bothering about the pretense of collegeafter all, they k in a flash that college is only a way to find more economically promising economises. Myra, the main character whose life is traced throughout the book vaguely wonders why she is not content cooking pot roast, scraping shit from the babys diapers, and picking up her husbands dry cleaning.See more Strategic Management Process EssayHer only solace is the neighborhood of women who share concerns over coffee in the afternoons. They wonder why Katherine, a Catholic woman who has 9 children and an alcoholic husband, committed suicide. She had a normal life, they thought, she just should have talked her husband into using endure control. As for the rest of the women, including Myra, their lives, fears, disappointments and yearnings, were much more subtle, yet equally suicidal in their quiet desperation. Many years down the road, Myras life in the long run changes.Her husband has made it, the kids have grown, and life is easy economically. Myra has a nervous breakdown. Once recovered, she divorces, and becomes a graduate student at Yale. Though painful and difficult, it is present that she comes to terms with herself, realizes her potential, and learns to li ve with herselfnot necessarily happilybut at least honestly. After I finished the story of Myras world that Sunday evening, I woke up in the middle of the night sobbing uncontrollably from a terrible nightmare. Though I couldnt remember the dream, I came to a abstruse realization.Myras life was my mothers. Most of my life I had revered, respected and admired my father for going to college, being intelligent and worldly, having power and control. In short for being a man. My mother always seemed too wishy-washy, easily trodden upon, overly dependent because she had chosen the role of housewife, mother. I rebelled against the tradition, and feared wearing those chains someday. Consequently, I strove to be like my father. Until this book, I never realized how much more courage it took for a person to live within a stifled role, and find merriment by living through other people.During that night of crying I understood my mother for the first timeI respected her inner strength, compass ion, gentleness. incessantly since then, my relationship with my mother has evolved, and we are very close. I will probably never adopt the role in life that she chose to take, but I now respect her for her life, and understand the reasons why she made those choices. Reading of Myras evolution as a female changed the way I feel towards myself, my feelings and compassion for my mother, and provided me with a much more sensitive view towards the lives of many women in our society today.

Mouse Excercise Essay

Brief The proposed meeting envisages negotiation between multi parties for setting up an sport complex by worlds largest entertainment conglomerate, purloin Company in Marne-la-Vallee near Paris, France. The national Government recognizes the importance of the project for foreign investment in France and the potential impact on the local anesthetic economy and wants to move forward with the project.However the local municipalities are worried about the environmental impact the project will have on their local area and the resources need to cope up with expansion of economy. The major issues to be discussed at the proposed meeting include levy of a payroll-based tax, sharing of the tax revenue between four municipalities, levy of yearly resource fees on the Mouse Company. Parties The main parties to the negotiation are Mouse Company and four mayors and SAN has assumed the manipulation of as common representative of all four municipalities.The exercise is expected to develop into two parallel negotiations which may end up to be consolidated at the end of the exercise. Goals a. The Mouse Companys goal would be to move forward with the project with minimum business tax and voluntary annual payments. b. The Mayors of sordid and Coupvray s goal is to maximize the payroll tax revenue and seek voluntary payments. Instead of sharing their revenue with other municipalities, they would be button for voluntary payment by Mouse Company to other municipalities.The Mayors of Bailey and Magny s goal is to seek logical share from the revenue earned by Cheesy and Coupvray and also seek voluntary payments from Mouse Company. d. As President of SAN our goal would be dislodge a middle ground to achieve a reasonable resolution between four municipalities and then maximize the payment / tax from Mouse Company Press Release The proposed project would stimulate the local and content economy of France resulting in millions of people visiting from neighboring states and countr ies.The press release should clearly reassure the Mouse Company and other international investors that the project would not be adversely impacted by due to internal issues between local municipalities. As president of SAN, we will be working hard to find common ground among four municipalities and work out a deal with the Mouse Company. Business tax The goal would be to reach an agreement with the Mouse Company to impose a business tax of at least 1% or so in consultation with local communities.Division of evaluate Revenue The goal would be to reach an agreement between four municipalities to share the business tax revenue. As the mayors of Bailly and Magny understands that municipalities of Cheesy and Coupvray would be most impacted, they capability be willing to share lower percentage of 10% to 15% each with balance 70% to 80% shared between municipalities of Cheesy and Coupvray.Alternatively, the National Government can impose of a surcharge/tax of 1% to be shared between all four municipalities. Voluntary payment by the Mouse Company to the towns The Mouse Company should be asked to pay a annual payment of Euro 5 to 7. 5 million to compensate for the impact on environment and resources instead of higher business tax of 1. 5%. The municipalities of Bailey and Magny should get larger share in the voluntary payments.

Is Competition Good? Essay

Physical punishment is normally used by parents specifically use on pre-school child. This is collect to the reason that this way is quicker to discipline their children. Although there has been several discussions and debates focused on the effectiveness of spanking, parent still use such approach in disciplining their children. The spanking usually occurs when the children are already four years old. The study also shows that collective punishment is more general among minorities and poor families. Apart from animal(prenominal) punishment, yelling and swearing in front of the children are also considered as harmful.One of the negative effects brought by physical punishment is the strong tendencies of children to founder anti-social behaviour. The idea of corporal punishment is based on offense and leads to violent behaviour both exhibited by the parent and eventually the child. Also, the child could channel the enmity to other people for example bullying their classmates in sc hool. Besides, lying, cheating, and stealing could be traced to a child history who suffered from corporal punishment. Another side that needs to be considered is that the development of anti-social behaviour surround all socio-economic groups.According to some studies, the intended effect created by physical punishment is reversed in the long term. snappy and slapping are proven to be ineffective strategy in promoting discipline. In reality, children who are inflicted of pain in the form of spanking and slapping have shown the highest tendencies of suffering from behavioural problems. When parents use strict methods discipline, children could exhibit anxiety, helplessness, and depression.Child abuse is often used as a counter argument to the rampant use of corporal punishment. If its usually done to children, such method would hinder the growth of young bodies. Moreover, children are not able to absorbpain, which in some instances lead to injuries. near of the reported injuries h ave been due to parents losing their control. There is also no direct evidence showing children fearing their parents when subjected to corporal punishment. The most common response from children includes isolation and rebelling from their parents. The corporal punishment could destroy relationships and lasting effects on the psyche of the children.Corporal punishment tends to diminish the moral values and pro-social behaviour of children. At an early age, children sympathize that to solve all the problems should involve violence and physical pain. Another critical element of physical punishment is its affect the mental health of the children being subjected to it. many parents misunderstanding obedience and discipline with fear. There is the possibility that children become more secretive and this affects the dynamics of a parent-child relationship.In a nutshell, the disadvantages of physical punishment outmatch by a huge margin the benefits of spanking. Except promoting good be haviour and discipline, corporal punishment produces adverse effects. Parents have embraced traditional methods, but evidence by dint of the years suggests that traditional physical punishment needs to end.

Information Assurance

We live and conduct business in an active asymmetric threat environment. An individual, business or establishment must adapt and protect its vital info assets and critical digital infrastructure. Failure to do so is reckless and may be considered as an unequivocal lack of due diligence for people who have fiduciary and custodial responsibilities.Any event that causes damage to discipline resources, whether it is a computer virus, natural hap or system failure could be devastating to an individual (i.e. identity theft), company, its customers, suppliers and shareholders. Failing to do so may threaten the survival of the company itself.An training system gage breach could result in serious financial losses, the disclosure of protected private information, loss of research and development data or fines by regulatory agencies. Losses due to intrusions into an information system could negatively affect the general public (i.e. power failures). This might result in pricey class acti on lawsuits that could exceed an organizations ability to pay and result in its dissolution. Even an individual might be sued for negligence and be financially ruined.So how should an organization or person protect its valuable digital process infrastructure? A business should establish and implement a comprehensive information assurance plan. Individuals should at least address the components of a professional information assurance plan. Doing so is evidence that the infrastructure owners are attempting to practice due diligence.An information assurance plan for an organization should be formalized and approved in the organizations policies and have the following components Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Accountability and Non-Repudiation.Lets briefly examine eachA. Confidentiality refers to restricting accession to data, information or to any component of the digital processing infrastructure unless there is a Need for an individual to be able to access it. The make m ust be aligned with an employees job requirements and the burster of the organization. Strong confidentiality prevents the disclosure of sensitive records, research and development information.B. Integrity refers to maintaining the validity and reliability of information that is to be used for decision-making. An information infrastructure that has integrity can be depended upon when making decisions. The information is otherwise useless. Integrity must be aggressively assured.C. Availability is that peculiar(prenominal) of information, which assures that critical information is ready for access precisely when, and where it is needed and to whom it is needed so that decisions can be made. Computers and networks must be protected to assure that mission critical data is on hand when needed.D. Accountability refers to the idea of assigning responsibility to an individual or group of individuals for each part of the digital processing infrastructure. Each time the information infrastr ucture is accessed someone needs to be responsible for its safe and legitimate use. Otherwise the system is open to serious security breaches.E. Non-Repudiation is that component of information assurance that guarantees each party to a transaction is bound to its results. E-commerce, for example, would be impossible without provisions for assuring that a customer in reality made a purchase.Maintaining the confidentiality, integrity, availability and non-repudiation of the information processing infrastructure is vital to the survival of an organization.

7-Eleven Company Essay

The OpportunitiesLike many others companies, 7-Eleven also has lot of opportunities. The opportunity in this companion is fresh food provided. Every morning, fresh meal will be available at 7-Eleven line for people to take away and get a quick breakfast. (Paradise, 2014) Next, the appearance of freebies and discounts is also opportunity in this company. Discounts are gives depends on what its championship partners offer. Sometimes when it comes to certain seasons, 7-Eleven will has it own attraction as it is giving come out freebies to customer when they purchase certain amount. It is because the smart trend is increasing among the customers that they the likes of freebies and discounts. Even it is not what they need it or whether they want to use these freebies after, they still want to lay down it. (Paradise, 2014) Besides, the opportunity in this company is not many contented stores open 24 hours a day and 7 geezerhood a week. Therefore, 7-Eleven is whizz of the store that people shadow stop by in the middle of the night still to get whatever they need. (Paradise, 2014)COMPETITOR ANALYSIS99 Speedmart7-ElevenKK Mart military issue of outlets nationwide450 Outlets nationwide1,497 Outlets nationwide62 Outlets nationwide Operating hours10 a.m. 10 p.m.24 Hours 24 Hours Products availableGroceries & freshmartGroceries, fresh foods, automatic teller and photocopying religious services.Groceries, fresh foods, ATM and photocopying services. Benefits to customerTrolley providedPoints by business partnersNone Freebies and DiscountNoneFreebies based on seasons & Discount depends on business partnersNone99 Speedmart is a rapid growing convenient store chain which was founded in 1987 by Mr. Lee Thiam Wah who is the director of the company itself. More than 450 outlets nationwide, 99 Speedmart adjudge expanding the business andalso struggling to be top in the market. 99 Speedmart also provides same product like 7-Eleven only without services like ATM mac hine and also bills payment. 99 Speedmart provides trolley services for its customers. (99 Speedmart, 2014) While another competitor is KK Mart which is under KK Group founded in year 2001, comes with the desire of congruous a household name throughout Malaysia and beyond the shores. Founded by Dato Dr Chai Kee Kan also known as KK Chai, KK Mart has over 62 outlets nationwide and keeps expanding.KK Mart also operates 24 hours everyday which devise it a good competitor to 7-Eleven. (KK Group, 2014) From the table above, we can compare how good is each(prenominal) of the convenient store. 7-Eleven is considered as the best and stronger convenient store company in the market. 7-Eleven has the most outlets nationwide which makes it is the easiest to find by customers anywhere they are. Besides 7-Eleven operates 24 hours which in case of emergency it can be very useful to customers. Futhermore, 7-Eleven sells products and even services which make it has lot of variety to customers. Ev en when customers purchase products at 7-Eleven, they can get points when they are the member of 7-Elevens business partners. Lastly, 7-Eleven do provides discounts and freebies based on offerings and seasons.MARKETING MIXMarketing flick means focus on the product, pricing, placement, promotion, people, process and physical evidence. Marketing strategies consist customer orientation, input, and accessibility in the struggle to the be the leader of the market. After the business manage to find the key factor, analyzed the market, target segment and rationality the demands, every business or every company needs to come up with formula to accelerate the growth and progress of the company. For which 7-Eleven uses 7Ps of marketing mix such as Product Price Place Promotion People Process Physical EvidenceProduct StrategiesEvery day, products available only at 7-Eleven bring millions of loyal customers through certifyes doors. A leader in bringing fresh items into the wash room space, 7-Eleven delivers fresh sandwiches, salads, fruits and pastries daily. 7-Eleven also has a full line of 7-Select personal label products, which offer customers food items they love at low everyday prices. And of course, no one can forget about 7-Elevens legendary, iconic products, like the Slurpee drink, Big Gulp drink and famous coffee.When buying products, 7-Eleven aims to be the first to have great new items, get the best products in the category, be the only retailer to carry certain products 7-Eleven has new item introductions weekly, and continuously reinvests in product development.Vast Buying Power, Great Margins7-Eleven buys for more than 6,700 stores in the U.S. alone. This buying bureau helps 7-Eleven negotiate favorable pricing and terms that let certifyes offer products to customers at great prices while retaining maximum profit margins. ( franchise.7-eleven.com,2014)Pricing StrategiesConvenient stores compete with each other in coffee price, fountain drinks price, a nd other private-owned products price. Prices for items that the stores buy from vendors are not significantly different. Due to it is the top company, 7-eleven prices its private label products relatively higher(prenominal) compare to other convenient stores. In addition, the company has the potential to set high price for the items that other convenient stores do not carry. (klse.i3investor.2014)Placement Strategies7-Eleven pioneered the convenience store in 1927 at Southland Ice Company in Dallas, Texas. In 1954, the company capable a store outside of the state of Texas. 7-Eleven then expand internationally when it opened stores in Mexico in 1971. In the same year, the company targeted England and Scotland as its first entry in European market. Three years later, 7-Eleven opened the first store in Japan. Then after years of growing its stores internationally, 7-Eleven international open its 25,000th store in 2006. In 2009, 7-Eleven has more than 35,000 stores in at least 18 cou ntries worldwide, with its largest market in Japan, the United States, Canada, Philippines, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Thailand (businesstoday, 2014)Promotion schemeRecently, 7-Eleven started to add a bonus for everyone entering the 7-Eleven Day instant win support on the Slurpee website. After entering the instant win game, they will receive a code and website link to urchase $7.11 lawn tickets for concerts at select Live Nation venues crossways the country. In addition, 7-Eleven made collectible slurpee cups and slurpee straws featuring Domo & quot the fuzzy brown creature with a trademark enigmatic open-mouth expression that is taking 7-Eleven store by storm this lead & quot.7-elevent also Domo-nized its food and beverages, such as the Big Bite and hot dog. Energy drink. CEO Rich Collins of Big Tent Entertainment, the marketing and licensing company for Domo, cmmented & quot because Domo has such a hugely devoted, cult-like following among kids, teens and young adults, we believe hes a perfect match for 7-Eleven and its iconic Slurpee brand & quot (afrbiz.2014).People StrategyPeople are an essential ingredient in service provision recruiting and training the right staff is required to create a competitive advantage. Customers make judgments about service provision and delivery based on the people representing your organisation. This is because people are one of the few elements of the service that customers can see and act with. The praise genuine by the volunteers (games makers) for the London 2012Olympics and Paralympics demonstrates the powerful effect people can create during service delivery. Staff require appropriate interpersonal skills, aptititude, and service knowledge in parade to deliver a quality service. In the UK many organisations apply for the Investors in People Accreditation to demonstrate that they train their staff to appointive standards and best practices.http//www.learnmarketing.net/servicemarketingmix.htmProcess StrategyBecause o f the 7-Eleven franchise cost, many small business owners need to look for help with funding. Many companies dont offer financing. Instead, they may recommend a company already familiar with its business practices to help you gain the financing you need to initiate your franchise lotion. This company does offer new franchise owners financing up to 65 percent. This financing covers only the initial franchise fee.As you complete your independent research, youll be able to determine if the 7-Eleven franchise cost is worth the risk. Meet with your personal financial adviser to see if youre financially able to make this large of an investment. Once you start the application process, it doesnt take long before your store will be up and running. In fact, the company says it can take less than 120 days to move through the nine-step application process. (business.answer.2014)Physical Evidence StrategyPhysical evidence is about where the service is being delivered from. It is particularly r elevant to retailers operating out of shops. This element of the marketing mix will distinguish a company from its competitors. Physical evidence can be used to charge a amplitude price for a service and establish a positive experience. For example all hotels provide a bed to sleep on but one of the things affecting the price charged, is the condition of the room (physical evidence) holding the bed.Customers will make judgments about the organisation based on the physical evidence. For example if you walk into a restaurant you expect a clean and friendly environment, if the restaurant is smelly or dirty, customers are likely to walk out. This is before they have even received the service. http//www.learnmarketing.net/servicemarketingmix.htmCONCLUSIONMarketing strategies applied by 7-Eleven clearly gives the all the information that is necessary for the growth and development of a business The strategies that are implemented by 7-Eleven consist many basic essentials features like in novative ideas, market research, customers views, forecasting consumers demand, organizing and planning. In this modern world, the demand for goods such as groceries are increasing at an alarming rate because it is a daily needs products that customers will always buy and buy everyday. Most of the companies carry different types of marketing strategies in order to serve their customers in a more efficient and better ways than their competitors as they want their business to be stable in the market and can survive for such a long term.ReferenceAvailable at http//www.7eleven.com.my/html/default.aspx?ID=2&PID=12 Accessed 17 September2014.Available at http//www.99speedmart.com.my/history.htmAccessed 17 September 2014.Available at http//kkgroup.my/KKGroup/Accessed 18 September 2014.Available at http//www.managementparadise.com/forums/principles-management-p-o-m/208076-swot-analysis-7-eleven.html Accessed 20 September 2014.Available at http//franchise.7-eleven.com/franchise/product-strate gy Accessed 21September 2014Available at http//klse.i3investor.com/blogs/ initial public offering/52090.jsp Accessed 22 September 2014Available at http//businesstoday.intoday.in/story/london-business-school-case-study-on-7-eleven/1/194769.html Accessed 22 September 2014Available at http//www.afrbiz.com.au/case-studies/7-eleven-revitalising-the-slurpee-brand/Page-6.html Accessed 22 September 2014Available at http//business.answers.com/franchise/exploring-the-7-eleven-franchise-process Accessed 22 September 2014

A Case for the Legitimate Use of Marijuana

It is normal for quite a little to own that rules are meant to forbid. When one goes out for a short drive for instance, he or she would encounter a lot of rules to observe speed-limits, stop-lights, pedestrian lanes, no right or left turn signals, among galore(postnominal) others.But it is as well not wrong to think that rules, while they forbid certain things to be done, are actually meant to regulate. This center that laws exists not really to stop people from doing what they so craving. Instead, they are there to regulate so that the people screwing live in a decent and harmonious society.Currently, the use of marijuana is forbidden by a lot of world governments, the United States included. And it is normally accepted that such prohibition stems from the desire to use peace and order in the society. We all know for a fact that marijuana is a lineament of drug that, when smoked, arsehole elicit certain psychological and physical effects.People who smoke marijuana exper ience a feeling of being high i.e., they feel a sensation characterized by being relaxed or pacified, or being a dreamy or semi- certified state. Marijuana can plant a person ache control as well. This is why, many authorities support forbidden its cultivation and possession, because its use can train a person do certain things he or she do not want to.Be that as it may, I still would like to argue that authorities must start looking at the guess of legitimizing the use of marijuana for medical purposes.The Benefits of Marijuana Use for Medical PurposesThe use of marijuana, as mentioned, can produce about certain psychological effects. And many authorities fear that, if left unchecked, its widespread use can lead people to commit heinous crimes such as gang-wars, robbery, rape and even homicide.But in their desire to regulate the use of marijuana, in view of the noble purpose of maintaining peace and quiet within the society, many authorities have also undermined the benefits which can be gained from its use. Specifically, these governments are overlooking the fact that marijuana can help doctors, and all those attending to the medical needs of the patients, administer helpful ways to effectively regale pain management.The hospital is a place where sick persons are treated. Most often than not, these treatments come with a very high price i.e., these persons have to deal with the pain that comes with having to be treated with their illnesses. In a manner of speaking, doctors and medical practitioners are tasked not only with the duty to cure their patients sickness, but also to make sure that patients can tolerate the cure which would be given to them.There are certain cures for instance, surgeries which are come with with intolerable pain. This is why, pain management is an essential part of medical practice.In view of such need, I have reasons to think that governments can start looking into the possibility of allowing the legitimate use of marij uana, if only doctors and nurses can be helped in addressing pain management issues. Since marijuana can make a people less conscious of their bodily sensation, a dose of which can help patients deal with the pain of certain medical cures. This is curiously true after surgeries.When a patient undergoes surgery, the aftermath can be very stressful. He or she needs to put up with the grimacing pain that comes with the medical procedure. And there are even times when, because of the brilliant pain, patients get to be traumatized because of the intense pain that comes with their operation.The use of anesthesia to address this pain issues is a harsh practice in the medical field. But because any high dosage giving out of anesthesia can seriously affect bodily functions, many doctors opt to use it quite sparingly. They would rather have the patients bear their post-procedure pain, than give them medicines which can seriously impede their normal physiological functions.

And The Band Played On By Randy Shilts Essay

And the deal played on is a true explanation published in 1987 that illustrates the aid epidemic. The acquired immune deficiency syndrome irruption started in this book around the 1970s and is still around in todays society. aroused Shilts wrote this book in order to show the many another(prenominal) errors that occurred and killed while trying to remember what this computer computer virus was and how it was spread. more spate during this time were affected by this virus especi entirelyy in New York and San-Francisco, which is where most of this story takes place. support which is also cognize as acquired immune deficiency syndrome is world spread fast later the first kn occupy got account discovered by the CDC, and is extremely difficult to identify. Shilts discusses the many issues that could perplex salvage thousands of lives doneout his investigative journalism. Some of the issues that effected many lives of the people living in the passing inhabit areas like New York and San-Francisco were the ethics of this complicated situation, the political issues that tagged along with this multitude, and the medical issues in determine the problem and solution of the epidemic.And the band played on had many cultural issues taking place all over heavily populated areas like San-Francisco. One of which is the fact that after this virus became better known by the domain, but non by everyone. At first, it was lonesome(prenominal) being published in articles broadly totally read by the gay community. During the 1980s being gay was a great deal different than in todays society. It was especially harder for gay men and women during this time because people who were homosexual were treated as outcasts and alienated. San-Francisco and New York City became heavily populated with homosexuals.The higher populations of gays in these areas do it easier for them to cope because they dealt with less criticism. This made the AIDS epidemic more prevalent in these areas due to the fact that it was being spread mainly through gays. When AIDS started killing more and more people, the general public became aware of the outbreak. Because of the lack of experience of the nature of this virus it was non given a specific name. at first AIDS was being called gay cancer due to the fact that people were unaware of how it was actually spread. This made the prejudice against gaysmuch more prevalent just near everywhere. This was making it very difficult on the political military position of the AIDS issue.The politics surrounding the AIDS epidemic in And the Band Played On was a complicated issue. The issue being that it was surrounded by the gay population making it a soft subject for most. Even advancedly elected president Ronald Reagan would not talk nigh the issue in public for the fact that it might hurt his status as the president of the United States of America. Ronald Reagans policies were to cut presidential term spending, which included the spending of the much needed CDC at the time. The CDC lost a lot of money that could encounter helped immensely in the research to counteract the spread of aids. Many doctors and scientists refused to work on such an issue. For example, the bank line bank officials were not at all convinced by the CDCs findings of the blood being cloud from AIDS patients. Many AIDS patients were donating blood, and even though the blood is filtered and sieveed for diseases there were cases popping up of babies contracting the AIDS virus. The blood bank officials knew that people who received their blood were getting AIDS, but did not piece a stop to blood draws from infected patients.The officials were more concerned about themselves and their business indeed the lives of people that were receiving their blood. The blood banks were not the only businesses that were disregarding the lives of others. Shilts also discusses how the bath house business in the heavily populated areas wa s another key player in the political battle that embody many people their lives. The CDC discovered that gay bath houses were where many gays were contracting the disease. Many people would come and go in these bath houses just for sexual interaction. Sex in these bath houses was spreading the AIDS virus like wildfire. The CDC had no absolute proof yet that the virus was being spread sexually at the time. The bath house owners made a lot of revenue in areas like San-Francisco which made it highly unlikely for them to listen to the CDC about the public health issues that surrounded their business. Many bath house owners cared for only themselves and the money they were making, just like blood banks.The CDC needed definitive proof showing that this is where the majority of the virus was being spread before the executive director of public health would shut them down. Even the public health director was worried about jeopardizing his status if he shutthese bath houses without defini tive proof that it was being spread there which could take years to prove. Taking more time to prove this would cost many more people their lives. In the book Shilts says, some said Ronald Reagan would be remembered in account statement books for one thing beyond all else He was the man who had let AIDS rage through America, the leader of the government that when challenged to action had placed politics above the health of the American people. It is easy to put the blame on one person for a nationwide epidemic, but in the end it was not just president Ronald Reagan that let the AIDS virus run ramped throughout the nation. Although Regans promise of a grant to the CDC never was received, this problem was not just fueled by the president, businesses small and big, and gay activists that did not want their bath houses shut down even though they knew the dangers behind them only aided the outbreak. non only were these issues caused from them but even scientists and doctors. The medical issues in determining the problem and solution of the epidemic were doctors and Scientists that were competing to find the cause of this virus, and mainly competing to identify the virus. If they can identify the virus they will be able to test for it. The CDC discovered that they could test for it but with only a marginal accuracy. This idea of testing for AIDS only to certain accuracy made it difficult to mandate the testing, especially in the blood banks. American Doctor, Dr. Gallo was contacted by the CDC and told of this new virus that was killing many gays and decided that he would help research this virus. Meanwhile the french are also studying the strange new virus. As these scientists and team of doctors are trying to top the mystery of the AIDS virus they realize the importance of it after the amount of death it has caused has reach new heights when death numbers increase quickly passed the thousands.Both parties of scientists realize that if they discover the aids viru s they may be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Just like the blood banks and the owners of the bath houses, Dr. Gallo and the French no nightlong cared about the lives of the people, but only for themselves and their own personal gain. In the end this most delayed the uncovering of AIDS due to the fact that both research centers had discovered it, but Dr. Gallo claimed that he had discovered it first. This almost caused the French to sue Dr. Gallo which would cook made the ordeal even longer causing more deaths that could throw been avoided. Another medical issue that could have saved liveswas the grant that president Regan promised the CDC for research that they never received. If they would have got this grant money the issue with Dr. Gallo and the French could have been avoided. The CDC could have used this grant money to acquire the proper technology to study this virus and find it themselves, which in turn could have saved lives.In And the Band Played On there are many thin gs that Randy Shilts Expresses that could have saved many lives. He wrote this book to bring light to the fact that the AIDS epidemic was ignored and not taken seriously. There are many issues Shilts brings up in his book that could have helped avoid the many complications that were face during the AIDS breakout. Shilts sheds light on how this epidemic was poorly resolved. Although he does not explain the ways these errors should have been handled, he lets the reader decide on how these mistakes could have been treated. The thousands of lives taken from the aids epidemic could have been avoided, or at least less then what it was. For example, Regan could have been more proactive in the fight against AIDS rather than ignoring it completely due the fact that it was a touchy subject. He was more worried about his status as a president if he addressed this issue. Shilts brings up the politics surrounding the AIDS epidemic when he talks about the blood banks. The politics surrounding t he blood banks allowed many people to contract the AIDS virus knowingly. If the blood bank officials would have cared less about themselves and more about the public health, hundreds of deaths could have been avoided. Another large amount of deaths was caused from the politics around the issue of the spreading of the AIDS virus in bath houses. The bath house owners neglected the publics health for their own benefit.The bath house owners cared for no one else but themselves and the money they were making. The medical problems they had with finding the AIDS virus also cost many lives. Dr. Gallo and the French battled against each other in order to find the virus when they should have been working together. Also, the grant money the CDC was promised never arrived which could have cost many lives because they might have been able to find it sooner than Dr. Gallo or the French. Ethics, politics, and medical issues caused thousands of deaths that could have been avoided. History usually r epeats itself, and Shilts wrote this book in order to prevent another massive tragedy like the AIDS epidemic from happening again.

Psa 200

canvasing and sureness Standards Council Philippine Standard on Auditing 330 (Redrafted) THE he arrS RESPONSES TO ASSESSED RISKS prostate unique(predicate) antigen 330 (Redrafted) PHILIPPINE STANDARD ON AUDITING 330 (REDRAFTED) THE AUDITORS RESPONSES TO ASSESSED RISKS (Effective for studys of pecuniary reports for boundarys beginning on or after December 15, 2009) CONTENTS Paragraph display Scope of this prostate specific antigen.. Effective naming Objective.. Definitions Requirementsboilersuit Responses. Audit Procedures Responsive to the Assessed Risks of Material Mis teaching at the avowal Level.. Adequacy of Presentation and Disclosure. Evaluating the sufficiency and nicety of Audit Evidence Documentation.. 1 2 3 4 5 6-24 25 26-28 29-31 Application and other(a) informative Material Over wholly Responses. A1-A3 Audit Procedures Responsive to the Assessed Risks of Material Misstatement the command Level.A4-A54 Adequacy of Presentation and Disclosure A55 Evaluating the Sufficiency and Appropriateness of Audit Evidence. A56-A58 Documentation.. A59 exculpation Philippine Standard on Auditing (prostate specific antigen) 330 (Redrafted), The Auditors Responses to Assessed Risks should be read in the context of the Preface to the Philippine Standards on Quality Control, Auditing, Review, Other Assurance and link up Services, which sets out the authority of PSAs. 2 PSA 330 (Redrafted) IntroductionScope of this PSA 1. This Philippine Standard on Auditing (PSA) deals with the examineors gradeability to target and implement responses to the take chancess of textile misstatement determine and assessed by the attendee in accordance with PSA 315, Identifying and Assessing Risks of Material Misstatement Through Understanding the Entity and Its Environment in a financial statement sizing up. Effective Date 2. This PSA is impelling for canvassed notices of financial statements for achievements beginning on or after December 15, 2009. Objective 3.The design of the piter is to reach adequate appropriate analyse march about the assessed risks of poppycock misstatement, through shrewd and implementing appropriate responses to those risks. Definitions 4. For purposes of the PSAs, the adjacent terms take over the meanings attributed below (a) real(a) process An analyseed account operate designed to happen upon bodily misstatements at the self- reliance take. Substantive actions comprise (i) Tests of details (of familyes of minutes, account balances, and disclosures), and ii) Substantive uninflected procedures. (b) Test of swears An study procedure designed to evaluate the operate authorization of manoeuvers in preventing, or signal detection and correcting, hearty misstatements at the impudence level. Requirements Overall Responses 5. The meeter shall design and implement overall responses to address the assessed risks of secular misstatement at the financial statement level. (Ref Para. A1- A3) 3 PSA 330 (Redrafted) Audit Procedures Responsive to the Assessed Risks of Material Misstatement at the Assertion Level 6.The attender shall design and work out further analyse procedures whose nature, timing, and outcome atomic number 18 based on and argon responsive to the assessed risks of temporal misstatement at the assertion level. (Ref Para. A4-A8) 7. In excogitation the further take stock procedures to be performed, the listener shall (a) Consider the reasons for the appraisal given to the risk of material misstatement at the assertion level for each class of transactions, account balance, and disclosure, including (i) The likelihood of material misstatement due to the exceptional characteristics of the germane(predicate) class of transactions, account balance, or disclosure (i. . , the inherent risk) and (ii) Whether the risk assessment takes account of germane(predicate) delays (i. e. , the control risk), thereby requiring the attender to drive scrutin ise manifest to determine whether the controls ar run strongly (i. e. , the meeter intends to trust on the sensible processal intensity level of controls in determining the nature, timing and point of substantial procedures) and (Ref Para. A9-A18) (b) Obtain much persuasive analyse evince the higher(prenominal) the attenders assessment of risk. (Ref Para. A19) Tests of Controls 8.The attendant shall design and perform screens of controls to endure fitted appropriate scrutinize show up as to the operate(a) effectiveness of pertinent controls when (a) The attendees assessment of risks of material misstatement at the assertion level includes an expectation that the controls are operating effectively (i. e. , the take stockor intends to affirm on the operating effectiveness of controls in determining the nature, timing and close of substantive procedures) or (b) Substantive procedures solely can non give up fitting appropriate size up testify at the asser tion level. Ref Para. A20-A24) 9. In designing and performing tests of controls, the visitor shall obtain much persuasive canvas evidence the greater the combine the scrutinizeor places on the effectiveness of a control. (Ref Para. A25) 4 PSA 330 (Redrafted) Nature and Extent of Tests of Controls 10. In designing and performing tests of controls, the tender shall (a) Perform opposite audit procedures in conspiracy with research to obtain audit evidence about the operating effectiveness of the controls, including (i) How the controls were applied at relevant magazines during the design downstairs audit. ii) The consistency with which they were applied. (iii) By whom or by what means they were applied. (Ref Para. A26-29) (b) descend whether the controls to be time- time-tested depend upon nigh otherwise controls ( corroboratory controls), and if so, whether it is necessary to obtain audit evidence supporting the effective operating room of those indirect controls. (R ef Para. A3031) Timing of Tests of Controls 11. The listener shall test controls for the bad-tempered time, or throughout the period, for which the auditor intends to rely on those controls, field of battle to aragraphs 12 and 15 below, in order to abide an appropriate priming for the auditors intended reliance. (Ref Para. A32) victimization audit evidence obtained during an slowdown period 12. When the auditor obtains audit evidence about the operating effectiveness of controls during an lag period, the auditor shall (a) Obtain audit evidence about significant channels to those controls subsequent to the interim period and (b) Determine the additional audit evidence to be obtained for the be period. (Ref Para.A33-A34) utilize audit evidence obtained in front audits 13. In determining whether it is appropriate to expend audit evidence about the operating effectiveness of controls obtained in old audits, and, if so, the continuance of the time period that whitethorn el apse before re examen a control, the auditor shall enumerate the chase 5 PSA 330 (Redrafted) (a) The effectiveness of other elements of innate control, including the control environs, the entitys observe of controls, and the entitys risk assessment process b) The risks arising from the characteristics of the control, including whether it is manual or automated (c) The effectiveness of usual IT-controls (d) The effectiveness of the control and its application by the entity, including the nature and extent of deviations in the application of the control noted in old(prenominal) audits, and whether there give way been personnel changes that importantly guess the application of the control (e) Whether the lack of a change in a particular control poses a risk due to changing circumstances and f) The risks of material misstatement and the extent of reliance on the control. (Ref Para. A35) 14. If the auditor plans to use audit evidence from a anterior audit about the operating e ffectiveness of particular proposition controls, the auditor shall establish the continuing relevance of that evidence by obtaining audit evidence about whether significant changes in those controls have come aboutred subsequent to the previous audit. The auditor shall obtain this evidence by performing inquiry combine with observation or inspection, to brook the infrastanding of those specific controls, and a) If there have been changes that affect the continuing relevance of the audit evidence from the previous audit, the auditor shall test the controls in the authoritative audit. (Ref Para. A36) (b) If there have not been such changes, the auditor shall test the controls at to the lowest degree once in every third audit, and shall test some controls each audit to avoid the opening of interrogation all the controls on which the auditor intends to rely in a single audit period with no examen of controls in the subsequent two audit periods. (Ref Para. A37-39) Controls over s ignificant risks 15.When the auditor plans to rely on controls over a risk the auditor has determined to be a significant risk, the auditor shall test those controls in the current period. 6 PSA 330 (Redrafted) Evaluating the Operating Effectiveness of Controls 16. When evaluating the operating effectiveness of relevant controls, the auditor shall evaluate whether misstatements that have been notice by substantive procedures maneuver that controls are not operating effectively. The absence of misstatements spy by substantive procedures, however, does not provide audit evidence that controls related to the assertion being tested are effective. Ref Para. A40) 17. When deviations from controls upon which the auditor intends to rely are detected, the auditor shall make specific inquiries to understand these matters and their potential consequences, and shall determine whether (a) The tests of controls that have been performed provide an appropriate basis for reliance on the controls (b) superfluous tests of controls are necessary or (c) The potential risks of misstatement need to be addressed utilise substantive procedures. (Ref Para. A41) 18.The auditor shall evaluate whether, on the basis of the audit work performed, the auditor has identified a material helplessness in the operating effectiveness of controls. 19. The auditor shall communicate material weaknesses in internal control identified during the audit on a timely basis to focal point at an appropriate level of responsibility and, as involve by PSA 260 (Revised), Communication with Those Charged with Governance, 1 with those charged with governance (unless all of those charged with governance are involved in managing the entity). Substantive Procedures 0. Irrespective of the assessed risks of material misstatement, the auditor shall design and perform substantive procedures for each material class of transactions, account balance, and disclosure. (Ref Para. A42-A47) Substantive Procedures Related to the Financial averment Closing Process 21. The auditors substantive procedures shall include the following audit procedures related to the financial statement closing process (a) Agreeing or reconciling the financial statements with the underlying accounting takes and 1 loaded off document approved May 2006. 7PSA 330 (Redrafted) (b) Examining material journal entries and other adjustments made during the line of achievement of preparing the financial statements. (Ref Para. A48) Substantive Procedures Responsive to Significant Risks 22. When the auditor has determined that an assessed risk of material misstatement at the assertion level is a significant risk, the auditor shall perform substantive procedures that are specifically responsive to that risk. When the approach path to a significant risk consists solely(prenominal) of substantive procedures, those procedures shall include tests of details. Ref Para. A49) Timing of Substantive Procedures 23. When substantive proced ures are performed at an interim experience, the auditor shall cover the remaining period by performing (a) Substantive procedures, combined with tests of controls for the intervening period or (b) If the auditor determines that it is sufficient, further substantive procedures only, that provide a reasonable basis for extending the audit conclusions from the interim attend to the period end. (Ref Para. A51-A53) 24.If misstatements that the auditor did not expect when assessing the risks of material misstatement are detected at an interim go steady, the auditor shall evaluate whether the related assessment of risk and the planned nature, timing, or extent of substantive procedures covering the remaining period need to be modified. (Ref Para. A54) Adequacy of Presentation and Disclosure 25. The auditor shall perform audit procedures to evaluate whether the overall presentation of the financial statements, including the related disclosures, is in accordance with the relevant financ ial account framework. Ref Para. A55) Evaluating the Sufficiency and Appropriateness of Audit Evidence 26. Based on the audit procedures performed and the audit evidence obtained, the auditor shall evaluate before the conclusion of the audit whether the assessments of the risks of material misstatement at the assertion level remain appropriate. (Ref Para. A56-57) 27. The auditor shall conclude whether sufficient appropriate audit evidence has been obtained. In forming an opinion, the auditor shall consider all elevant audit evidence, regardless of whether it appears to corroborate or to contradict the assertions in the financial statements. (Ref Para. A58) 8 PSA 330 (Redrafted) 28. If the auditor has not obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence as to a material financial statement assertion, the auditor shall attempt to obtain further audit evidence. If the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall express a qualified opinion or a di sclaimer of opinion. Documentation 29. The auditor shall document a) The overall responses to address the assessed risks of material misstatement at the financial statement level, and the nature, timing, and extent of the further audit procedures performed (b) The linkage of those procedures with the assessed risks at the assertion level and (c) The results of the audit procedures, including the conclusions where these are not otherwise clear. (Ref Para. A59) 30. If the auditor plans to use audit evidence about the operating effectiveness of controls obtained in previous audits, the auditor shall document the conclusions reached about relying on such controls that were tested in a previous audit. 1. The auditors keep shall demonstrate that the financial statements agree or reconcile with the underlying accounting records. *** Application and Other Explanatory Material Overall Responses (Ref Para. 5) A1. Overall responses to address the assessed risks of material misstatement at the financial statement level whitethorn include Emphasizing to the audit team the need to maintain professional skepticism. Assigning much go through staff or those with special skills or utilise experts. Providing more than(prenominal) supervision. Incorporating additional elements of unpredictability in the woof of further audit procedures to be performed. 9 PSA 330 (Redrafted) A2. Making frequent changes to the nature, timing, or extent of audit procedures, for example performing substantive procedures at the period end preferably of at an interim date or modifying the nature of audit procedures to obtain more persuasive audit evidence. The assessment of the risks of material misstatement at the financial statement level, and thereby the auditors overall responses, is affected by the auditors understanding of the control environment.An effective control environment whitethorn pass on the auditor to have more confidence in internal control and the reliability of audit evidence generated internally within the entity and thus, for example, allow the auditor to conduct some audit procedures at an interim date rather than at the period end. Weaknesses in the control environment, however, have the opposite effect for example, the auditor whitethorn respond to an ineffective control environment by Obtaining more all-embracing audit evidence from substantive procedures. A3.Conducting more audit procedures as of the period end rather than at an interim date. Increasing the number of locations to be include in the audit scope. Such friendships, therefore, have a significant bearing on the auditors general approach, for example, an emphasis on substantive procedures (substantive approach), or an approach that uses tests of controls as well as substantive procedures (combined approach). Audit Procedures Responsive to the Assessed Risks of Material Misstatement at the Assertion Level The Nature, Timing, and Extent of Further Audit Procedures (Ref Para. 6) A4.The auditors assessment of the identified risks at the assertion level provides a basis for considering the appropriate audit approach for designing and performing further audit procedures. For example, (as appropriate and notwithstanding the requirements of this PSA)2, the auditor whitethorn determine that (a) scarce by performing tests of controls whitethorn the auditor achieve an effective response to the assessed risk of material misstatement for a particular assertion (b) Performing only substantive procedures is appropriate for particular assertions and, therefore, the auditor excludes the effect of controls from the relevant risk assessment.This whitethorn be because the auditors risk assessment procedures 2 For example, as required by paragraph 20, irrespective of the approach selected, the auditor designs and performs substantive procedures for each significant class of transactions, account balance, and disclosure. 10 PSA 330 (Redrafted) have not identified both ef fective controls relevant to the assertion, or because testing controls would be inefficient and therefore the auditor does not intend to rely on the operating effectiveness of controls in determining the nature, timing and extent of substantive procedures or c) A combined approach using both tests of controls and substantive procedures is an effective approach. A5. The nature of an audit procedure refers to its purpose (i. e. , test of controls or substantive procedure) and its type (i. e. , inspection, observation, inquiry, confirmation, recalculation, reperformance, or analytical procedure). The nature of the audit procedures is of most importance in responding to the assessed risks. A6. Timing of an audit procedure refers to when it is performed, or the period or date to which the audit evidence applies.A7. Extent of an audit procedure refers to the quantity to be performed, for example, a try out size or the number of observations of a control activity. A8. shrewd and perform ing further audit procedures whose nature, timing, and extent are based on and are responsive to the assessed risks of material misstatement at the assertion level provides a clear linkage between the auditors further audit procedures and the risk assessment. Responding to the Assessed Risks at the Assertion Level (Ref Para. 7(a)) NatureA9. The auditors assessed risks whitethorn affect both the types of audit procedures to be performed and their combination. For example, when an assessed risk is high, the auditor may confirm the completeness of the terms of a contract with the countercompany, in addition to inspecting the document. Further, certain(p) audit procedures may be more appropriate for some assertions than others. For example, in relation to revenue, tests of controls may be most responsive to the assessed risk of misstatement of the completeness ssertion, whereas substantive procedures may be most responsive to the assessed risk of misstatement of the event assertion. A 10. The reasons for the assessment given to a risk are relevant in determining the nature of audit procedures. For example, if an assessed risk is lower because of the particular characteristics of a class of transactions without consideration of the related controls, then the auditor may determine that substantive analytical procedures alone provide sufficient appropriate audit evidence.On the other hand, if the assessed risk is lower because of internal controls, and the auditor intends to base the substantive procedures on that low assessment, then the auditor performs tests of those controls, as required by paragraph 8(a). This may be the case, for 11 PSA 330 (Redrafted) example, for a class of transactions of pretty uniform, non-complex characteristics that are routinely processed and controlled by the entitys discipline system. Timing A11.The auditor may perform tests of controls or substantive procedures at an interim date or at the period end. The higher the risk of materi al misstatement, the more likely it is that the auditor may decide it is more effective to perform substantive procedures nearer to, or at, the period end rather than at an earlier date, or to perform audit procedures unannounced or at unpredictable times (for example, performing audit procedures at selected locations on an unannounced basis). This is particularly relevant when considering the response to the risks of fraud.For example, the auditor may conclude that, when the risks of intentional misstatement or manipulation have been identified, audit procedures to extend audit conclusions from interim date to the period end would not be effective. A12. On the other hand, performing audit procedures before the period end may process the auditor in chance uponing significant matters at an early stage of the audit, and consequently resolving them with the assistance of direction or developing an effective audit approach to address such matters. A13. In addition, certain audit proc edures can be performed only at or after the period end, for example Examining adjustments made during the course of preparing the financial statements and A14. Agreeing the financial statements to the accounting records Procedures to respond to a risk that, at the period end, the entity may have entered into improper sales contracts, or transactions may not have been finalized. Further relevant factors that deflect the auditors consideration of when to perform audit procedures include the following The control environment. When relevant information is available (for example, electronic files may subsequently be overwritten, or procedures to be observed may occur only at certain times). The nature of the risk (for example, if there is a risk of inflated revenues to meet earnings expectations by subsequent creation of false sales agreements, 12 PSA 330 (Redrafted) the auditor may wish to examine contracts available on the date of the period end). The period or date to which the audit evidence relates. Extent A15. The extent of an audit procedure judged necessary is determined after considering the materiality, the assessed risk, and the degree of pledge the auditor plans to obtain.When a single purpose is met by a combination of procedures, the extent of each procedure is considered separately. In general, the extent of audit procedures increases as the risk of material misstatement increases. For example, in response to the assessed risk of material misstatement due to fraud, increasing sample sizes or performing substantive analytical procedures at a more detailed level may be appropriate. However, increasing the extent of an audit procedure is effective only if the audit procedure itself is relevant to the specific risk.A16. The use of computer-assisted audit techniques (CAATs) may enable more extensive testing of electronic transactions and account files, which may be useful when the auditor decides to modify the extent of testing, for example, in re sponding to the risks of material misstatement due to fraud. Such techniques can be used to select sample transactions from key electronic files, to sort transactions with specific characteristics, or to test an entire population instead of a sample. Considerations specific to public sector entities A17.For the audits of public sector entities, the audit mandate and any other special auditing requirements may affect the auditors consideration of the nature, timing and extent of further audit procedures. Considerations specific to smaller entities A18. In the case of very small entities, there may not be many control activities that could be identified by the auditor, or the extent to which their existence or operation have been documented by the entity may be limited. In such cases, it may be more efficient for the auditor to perform further audit procedures that are primarily substantive procedures.In some archaic cases, however, the absence of control activities or of other compo nents of control may make it impossible to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Higher Assessments of Risk (Ref Para 7(b)) A19. When obtaining more persuasive audit evidence because of a higher assessment of risk, the auditor may increase the quantity of the evidence, or obtain evidence that is more relevant or reliable, e. g. , by placing more emphasis on obtaining third 13 PSA 330 (Redrafted) party evidence or by obtaining corroborating evidence from a number of independent sources.Tests of Controls Designing and Performing Tests of Controls (Ref Para. 8) A20. Tests of controls are performed only on those controls that the auditor has determined are suitably designed to prevent, or detect and correct, a material misstatement in an assertion. If substantially different controls were used at different times during the period under audit, each is considered separately. A21. Testing the operating effectiveness of controls is different from obtaining an understanding of and ev aluating the design and murder of controls.However, the same types of audit procedures are used. The auditor may, therefore, decide it is efficient to test the operating effectiveness of controls at the same time as evaluating their design and determining that they have been implemented. A22. Further, although some risk assessment procedures may not have been specifically designed as tests of controls, they may nevertheless provide audit evidence about the operating effectiveness of the controls and, consequently, serve as tests of controls. For example, the auditors risk assessment procedures may have included Inquiring about commissions use of budgets. Observing managements comparison of periodic budgeted and actual expenses. Inspecting reports pertaining to the investigation of variances between budgeted and actual amounts. These audit procedures provide knowledge about the design of the entitys budgeting policies and whether they have been implemented, but may in any case provide audit evidence about the effectiveness of the operation of budgeting policies in preventing or detecting material misstatements in the classification of expenses. A23.In addition, the auditor may design a test of controls to be performed at the same time with a test of details on the same transaction. Although the purpose of a test of controls is different from the purpose of a test of details, both may be accomplished concurrently by performing a test of controls and a test of details on the same transaction, also known as a dual-purpose test. For example, the auditor may design, and evaluate the results of, a test to examine an note to determine whether it has been approved and to provide substantive audit evidence of a 14 PSA 330 (Redrafted) ransaction. A dual-purpose test is designed and evaluated by considering each purpose of the test separately. A24. In some cases, as discussed in PSA 315, the auditor may find it impossible to design effective substantive procedures that by themselves provide sufficient appropriate audit evidence at the assertion level. This may occur when an entity conducts its business using IT and no documentation of transactions is produced or maintained, other than through the IT system. In such cases, paragraph 8(b) requires the auditor to perform tests of relevant controls.Audit Evidence and Intended Reliance (Ref Para. 9) A25. A higher level of assurance may be sought about the operating effectiveness of controls when the approach adopted consists primarily of tests of controls, in particular where it is not possible or practicable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence only from substantive procedures. Nature and Extent of Tests of Controls Other audit procedures in combination with inquiry (Ref Para. 10(a)) A26. Inquiry alone is not sufficient to test the operating effectiveness of controls.Accordingly, other audit procedures are performed in combination with inquiry. In this regard, inquiry combined with in spection or reperformance may provide more assurance than inquiry and observation, since an observation is pertinent only at the point in time at which it is made. A27. The nature of the particular control influences the type of procedure required to obtain audit evidence about whether the control was operating effectively. For example, if operating effectiveness is evidenced by documentation, the auditor may decide to inspect it to obtain audit evidence about operating effectiveness.For other controls, however, documentation may not be available or relevant. For example, documentation of operation may not exist for some factors in the control environment, such as assignment of authority and responsibility, or for some types of control activities, such as control activities performed by a computer. In such circumstances, audit evidence about operating effectiveness may be obtained through inquiry in combination with other audit procedures such as observation or the use of CAATs. Ext ent of tests of controls A28.When more persuasive audit evidence is needed regarding the effectiveness of a control, it may be appropriate to increase the extent of testing of the control. As well as the degree of reliance on controls, matters the auditor may consider in determining the extent of tests of controls include the following 15 PSA 330 (Redrafted) The frequency of the performance of the control by the entity during the period. The length of time during the audit period that the auditor is relying on the operating effectiveness of the control. The expected rate of deviation from a control. The relevance and reliability of the audit evidence to be obtained regarding the operating effectiveness of the control at the assertion level. The extent to which audit evidence is obtained from tests of other controls related to the assertion. PSA 530, Audit Sampling and Other Means of Testing contains further focal point on the extent of testing. A29. Because of the inherent cons istency of IT processing, it may not be necessary to increase the extent of testing of an automated control.An automated control can be expected to move consistently unless the program (including the tables, files, or other permanent data used by the program) is changed. Once the auditor determines that an automated control is functioning as intended (which could be done at the time the control is initially implemented or at some other date), the auditor may consider performing tests to determine that the control continues to function effectively. Such tests might include determining that Changes to the program are not made without being subject to the appropriate program change controls, The authorized version of the program is used for processing transactions, and Other relevant general controls are effective. Such tests also might include determining that changes to the programs have not been made, as may be the case when the entity uses packaged software applications without modifying or maintaining them. For example, the auditor may inspect the record of the administration of IT security to obtain audit evidence that unauthorized access has not occurred during the period. Testing of indirect controls (Ref Para. 10(b))A30. In some circumstances, it may be necessary to obtain audit evidence supporting the effective operation of indirect controls. For example, when the auditor decides to test the effectiveness of a user review of exception reports particularisation sales in excess of authorized credit limits, the user review and related follow up is the control that is directly of relevance to the auditor. Controls over the accuracy of 16 PSA 330 (Redrafted) the information in the reports (for example, the general IT controls) are described as indirect controls. A31.Because of the inherent consistency of IT processing, audit evidence about the implementation of an automated application control, when considered in combination with audit evidence about the operating effectiveness of the entitys general controls (in particular, change controls), may also provide substantial audit evidence about its operating effectiveness. Timing of Tests of Controls Intended period of reliance (Ref Para. 11) A32. Audit evidence pertaining only to a point in time may be sufficient for the auditors purpose, for example, when testing controls over the entitys physical inventory counting at the period end.If, on the other hand, the auditor intends to rely on a control over a period, tests that are capable of providing audit evidence that the control operated effectively at relevant times during that period are appropriate. Such tests may include tests of the entitys monitoring of controls. Using audit evidence obtained during an interim period (Ref Para. 12) A33. Relevant factors in determining what additional audit evidence to obtain about controls that were operating during the period remaining after an interim period, include The specific controls th at were tested during the interim period, and significant changes to them since they were tested, including changes in the information system, processes, and personnel. The degree to which audit evidence about the operating effectiveness of those controls was obtained. The length of the remaining period. The extent to which the auditor intends to reduce further substantive procedures based on the reliance of controls. A34. The significance of the assessed risks of material misstatement at the assertion level. The control environment.Additional audit evidence may be obtained, for example, by extending tests of controls over the remaining period or testing the entitys monitoring of controls. 17 PSA 330 (Redrafted) Using audit evidence obtained in previous audits (Ref Para. 13) A35. In certain circumstances, audit evidence obtained from previous audits may provide audit evidence where the auditor performs audit procedures to establish its continuing relevance. For example, in perfo rming a previous audit, the auditor may have determined that an automated control was functioning as intended.The auditor may obtain audit evidence to determine whether changes to the automated control have been made that affect its continued effective functioning through, for example, inquiries of management and the inspection of logs to point what controls have been changed. Consideration of audit evidence about these changes may support either increasing or decreasing the expected audit evidence to be obtained in the current period about the operating effectiveness of the controls. Controls that have changed from previous audits (Ref Para. 4(a)) A36. Changes may affect the relevance of the audit evidence obtained in previous audits such that there may no longer be a basis for continued reliance. For example, changes in a system that enable an entity to put on a new report from the system probably do not affect the relevance of audit evidence from a previous audit however, a cha nge that causes data to be accumulated or calculated differently does affect it. Controls that have not changed from previous audits (Ref Para. 14(b)) A37.The auditors decision on whether to rely on audit evidence obtained in previous audits for controls that (a) Have not changed since they were last tested and (b) Are not controls that mitigate a significant risk, is a matter of professional judgment. In addition, the length of time between retesting such controls is also a matter of professional judgment, but is required by paragraph 14(b) to be at least once in every third year. A38. In general, the higher the risk of material misstatement, or the greater the reliance on controls, the shorter the time period elapsed, if any, is likely to be.Factors that may decrease the period for retesting a control, or result in not relying on audit evidence obtained in previous audits at all, include the following A weak control environment. Weak monitoring of controls. A significant manual element to the relevant controls. 18 PSA 330 (Redrafted) Changing circumstances that indicate the need for changes in the control. A39. Personnel changes that significantly affect the application of the control. Weak general IT-controls.When there are a number of controls for which the auditor intends to rely on audit evidence obtained in previous audits, testing some of those controls in each audit provides corroborating information about the continuing effectiveness of the control environment. This contributes to the auditors decision about whether it is appropriate to rely on audit evidence obtained in previous audits. Evaluating the Operating Effectiveness of Controls (Ref Para. 16-19) A40. A material misstatement detected by the auditors procedures may indicate the existence of a material weakness in internal control.A41. The concept of effectiveness of the operation of controls recognizes that some deviations in the way controls are applied by the entity may occur. Deviati ons from prescribed controls may be caused by such factors as changes in key personnel, significant seasonal fluctuations in volume of transactions and gentleman error. The detected rate of deviation, in particular in comparison with the expected rate, may indicate that the control cannot be relied on to reduce risk at the assertion level to that assessed by the auditor.Substantive Procedures (Ref Para. 20) A42. Paragraph 20 requires the auditor to design and perform substantive procedures for each material class of transactions, account balance, and disclosure, irrespective of the assessed risks of material misstatement. This requirement reflects the facts that (i) the auditors assessment of risk is judgmental and so may not identify all risks of material misstatement and (ii) there are inherent limitations to internal control, including management override.Nature and Extent of Substantive Procedures A43. Depending on the circumstances, the auditor may determine that Performing o nly substantive analytical procedures will be sufficient to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level. For example, where the auditors assessment of risk is support by audit evidence from tests of controls. Only tests of details are appropriate. A combination of substantive analytical procedures and tests of details are most responsive to the assessed risks. 19 PSA 330 (Redrafted) A44.Substantive analytical procedures are generally more applicable to large volumes of transactions that tend to be predictable over time. PSA 520, Analytical Procedures establishes requirements and provides guidance on the application of analytical procedures during an audit. A45. The nature of the risk and assertion is relevant to the design of tests of details. For example, tests of details related to the existence or occurrence assertion may involve selecting from items contained in a financial statement amount and obtaining the relevant audit evidence.On the other hand, tests of details related to the completeness assertion may involve selecting from items that are expected to be included in the relevant financial statement amount and investigating whether they are included. A46. Because the assessment of the risk of material misstatement takes account of internal control, the extent of substantive procedures may need to be increased when the results from tests of controls are unsatisfactory. However, increasing the extent of an audit procedure is appropriate only if the audit procedure itself is relevant to the specific risk. A47.In designing tests of details, the extent of testing is ordinarily thought of in terms of the sample size. However, other matters are also relevant, including whether it is more effective to use other selective means of testing. catch up with PSA 530 for additional guidance. Substantive Procedures Related to the Financial Statement Closing Process (Ref Para. 21(b)) A48. The nature, and also the extent, of the auditors examination of journal entr ies and other adjustments depends on the nature and complexity of the entitys financial reporting process and the related risks of material misstatement.Substantive Procedures Responsive to Significant Risks (Ref Para. 22) A49. Paragraph 22 of this PSA requires the auditor to perform substantive procedures that are specifically responsive to risks the auditor has determined to be significant risks. For example, if the auditor identifies that management is under pressure to meet earnings expectations, there may be a risk that management is inflating sales by improperly recognizing revenue related to sales agreements with terms that preclude revenue erudition or by invoicing sales before shipment.In these circumstances, the auditor may, for example, design external confirmations not only to confirm outstanding amounts, but also to confirm the details of the sales agreements, including date, any rights of return and delivery terms. In addition, the auditor may find it effective to sup plement such external confirmations with inquiries of non-financial personnel in the entity regarding any changes in sales agreements and delivery terms. Substantive procedures related to 20 PSA 330 (Redrafted) ignificant risks are most ofttimes designed to obtain audit evidence with high reliability. Timing of Substantive Procedures (Ref Para. 23-24) A50. In most cases, audit evidence from a previous audits substantive procedures provides little or no audit evidence for the current period. There are, however, exceptions, e. g. , a legal opinion obtained in a previous audit related to the structure of a securitization to which no changes have occurred, may be relevant in the current period.In such cases, it may be appropriate to use audit evidence from a previous audits substantive procedures if that evidence and the related subject matter have not fundamentally changed, and audit procedures have been performed during the current period to establish its continuing relevance. Using a udit evidence obtained during an interim period (Ref Para. 23) A51. In some circumstances, the auditor may determine that it is effective to perform substantive procedures at an interim date, and to compare and reconcile information concerning the balance at the period end with the comparable information at the interim date to a) Identify amounts that appear unusual, (b) Investigate any such amounts, and (c) Perform substantive analytical procedures or tests of details to test the intervening period. A52. Performing substantive procedures at an interim date without labor movement additional procedures at a later date increases the risk that the auditor will not detect misstatements that may exist at the period end. This risk increases as the remaining period is lengthened. Factors such as the following may influence whether to perform substantive procedures at an interim date The control environment and other relevant controls. The availability at a later date of information neces sary for the auditors procedures. The purpose of the substantive procedure. The assessed risk of material misstatement. The nature of the class of transactions or account balance and related assertions. 21 PSA 330 (Redrafted) A53. The ability of the auditor to perform appropriate substantive procedures or substantive procedures combined with tests of controls to cover the remaining period in order to reduce the risk that misstatements that may exist at the period end will not be detected.Factors such as the following may influence whether to perform substantive analytical procedures with respect to the period between the interim date and the period end Whether the period end balances of the particular classes of transactions or account balances are reasonably predictable with respect to amount, relative significance, and composition. Whether the entitys procedures for analyzing and adjusting such classes of transactions or account balances at interim dates and for establishing proper accounting cutoffs are appropriate. Whether the information system relevant to financial reporting will provide information concerning the balances at the period end and the transactions in the remaining period that is sufficient to suffer investigation of (a) Significant unusual transactions or entries (including those at or near the period end), (b) Other causes of significant fluctuations, or expected fluctuations that did not occur, and (c) Changes in the composition of the classes of transactions or account balances.Misstatements detected at an interim date (Ref Para. 24) A54. When the auditor concludes that the planned nature, timing, or extent of substantive procedures covering the remaining period need to be modified as a result of unexpected misstatements detected at an interim date, such modification may include extending or repeating the procedures performed at the interim date at the period end. Adequacy of Presentation and Disclosure (Ref Para. 25) A55.Evaluati ng the overall presentation of the financial statements, including the related disclosures, relates to whether the separate financial statements are presented in a manner that reflects the appropriate classification and description of financial information, and the form, arrangement, and message of the financial statements and their appended notes. This includes, for example, the terminology 22 PSA 330 (Redrafted) used, the amount of detail given, the classification of items in the statements, and the bases of amounts set forth. Evaluating the Sufficiency and Appropriateness of Audit Evidence (Ref Para. 6-28) A56. An audit of financial statements is a cumulative and iterative process. As the auditor performs planned audit procedures, the audit evidence obtained may cause the auditor to modify the nature, timing, or extent of other planned audit procedures. Information may come to the auditors attention that differs significantly from the information on which the risk assessment wa s based. For example, The extent of misstatements that the auditor detects by performing substantive procedures may alter the auditors judgment about the risk assessments and may indicate a material weakness in internal control. The auditor may become aware of discrepancies in accounting records, or conflicting or missing evidence. Analytical procedures performed at the overall review stage of the audit may indicate a previously unrecognized risk of material misstatement. In such circumstances, the auditor may need to reevaluate the planned audit procedures, based on the revised consideration of assessed risks for all or some of the classes of transactions, account balances, or disclosures and related assertions. PSA 315 contains further guidance on revising the auditors risk assessment. A57.The auditor cannot assume that an instance of fraud or error is an isolated occurrence. Therefore, the consideration of how the detection of a misstatement affects the assessed risks of materi al misstatement is important in determining whether the assessment remains appropriate. A58. The auditors judgment as to what constitutes sufficient appropriate audit evidence is influenced by such factors as the following Significance of the potential misstatement in the assertion and the likelihood of its having a material effect, individually or aggregate with other potential misstatements, on the financial statements. Effectiveness of managements responses and controls to address the risks. Experience gained during previous audits with respect to similar potential misstatements. Results of audit procedures performed, including whether such audit procedures identified specific instances of fraud or error. 23 PSA 330 (Redrafted) Source and reliability of the available information. Persuasiveness of the audit evidence. Understanding of the entity and its environment, including the entitys internal control. Documentation (Ref Para. 29) A59.The form and extent of audit documen tation is a matter of professional judgment, and is influenced by the nature, size and complexity of the entity and its internal control, availability of information from the entity and the audit methodology and technology used in the audit. Acknowledgment This PSA is based on multinational Standard on Auditing 330 (Redrafted), The Auditors Responses to Assessed Risks, issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. There are no significant differences between this PSA 330 (Redrafted) and ISA 330 (Redrafted). 4 PSA 330 (Redrafted) This PSA 330 (Redrafted), The Auditors Responses to Assessed Risks, was unanimously approved for adoption on January 29, 2007 by the members of the Auditing and Assurance Standards Council. Benjamin R. Punongbayan, moderate Felicidad A. Abad Antonio P. Acyatan Erwin Vincent G. Alcala Froilan G. Ampil David L. Balangue Ma. Gracia Casals-Diaz Amorsonia B. Escarda Manuel O. Faustino Eliseo A. Fernandez Nestorio C. Roraldo Joaquin P. Tole ntino Editha O. Tuason Jaime E. Ysmael 25